Math Instruction Tiered Vocabulary Lesson- - 1221 Words

MAT671 Applied Best Practice Strategies In Classroom Instruction: Tiered Vocabulary Lesson- Reading Standards for Literature K-5. Lesson Standard- Grade 2: Key Ideas and Details: 1. Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text. Lesson Goal/Objective- Students will be able to demonstrate understanding of key details for who, what, where, when, why, and how by illustrating and answering questions on the story, â€Å"Insects From Outer Space† by Vladimir Vagin Frank Asch. Description of Unit- ELD Standard List of Tier 2- High Frequency/Multiple Meaning Vocabulary- Annual Glide Ballroom Gathered Event Tuned Style Clue Protested Extraordinary Brighter†¦show more content†¦We will be making our own story books to retell the story, describing the details of who the characters were, what took place in the story, where the setting was, when it happened, why it took place, and how it happened. Lesson- For this reading lesson, I will be reading the book, Insects from Outer Space to my students. Prior to reading the book, I would like to introduce the vocabulary from the story in a pocket chart. I would tell the students what the vocabulary word is, then ask them, ‘what word is this?’, and then have them repeat the word back to me; (For example: I will say the word ‘antennae’, ask the students what word is this? ‘antennae’, and then have the students repeat the word ‘antennae’ back to me. I would then provide an explanation of the word ‘antennae’ to the students to give them information about the word. I would follow this format for each vocabulary word in the pocket chart. Once I had completed the list of vocabulary words I would go back and use the words in a sentence strip. I would put each sentence strip in the pocket chart for each vocabulary word as I read them. After I had completed the sentence strips, I will read the story, â€Å"Insects From Outer Space† to my students. During the reading of the story, I will ask my students to put their thumbs up when they hear a vocabulary word that had been introduced them to prior to the story. A formativeShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Instruction For Students With Or Without Disabilities1106 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating instruction is used to address the diverse instructional needs of students with or without disabilities (Friend Bursack, 2015). It forms a bridge from the content to the learner in four dimensions; content, process, product and learning environment (Tomlinson, 2000). Tomlinson (2008) stated that differentiating instruction calls for teachers to have â€Å"clear learning goals†¦ [that are] crafted to ensure students engagement and understanding† (pg. 27). In differentiated instruction, teachersRead MoreLearning From The Unit On Division Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor effect on the schedu ling and rigor of each lesson and skill. Students were each place into one of four tiered groups based on their behaviors as well as their performance. Each group of students is typically on the same level, therefore, progressing at a similar pace. As an inclusion classroom with ten students having IEPs, there is a large range of ability levels. Therefore, the delivery of instruction and forms of assessment for each tiered group was modified to meet the needs of the learnersRead MoreVideo Workshop : Subjects Matter Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesAnnenberg Video Workshop: â€Å"Subjects Matter† Introduction: Content-based instruction is very important in a foreign language classroom. Using content-based instruction provides students with a variety of opportunities to use the target language to learn about a specific content area. With content-based instruction, students are exposed to a considerable amount of language through motivating content. Learners explore interesting content and are engaged in appropriate language-dependent activitiesRead MoreWhat Is Talent Development Secondary?917 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterials that use evidence based practice to close student skills gaps and build their advanced thinking skills linked with on-site embedded professional development via instructional coaches and professional learning communities. Tiered Student Support A data guided, tiered student support system that uses early warning indicators and an integrated system of whole school, targeted and intensive supports to get the right intervention, to the right student, at the right time at the scale and intensityRead MoreClassroom Support Plan: (RTI Process)4374 Words   |  18 Pages Introduction: The Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. The RTI process begins with instruction and universal screening of all children in the general education classroom. Struggling learners are provided with interventions at increasing levels of intensity to accelerate their rate of learning. These services may be provided by a variety of people including general education teachers, specialRead MoreEducational Leaders Should Promote Equity Among All Students Regardless Of Race, Ability, Socioeconomic Status1815 Words   |  8 Pagesbreakfast and lunch. Upon analyzing the data, we noticed that our students school-wide were stronger in math overall than reading comprehension. Third, fourth, and fifth grade students performed better on reading literature text than reading informational. Collectively, they also scored lower on items that dealt with reading informational text such as scientific ac ademic and content-specific vocabulary terms. Consequently, all grades could have benefited from additional research-based interventions. HoweverRead MoreObserving the Public School Environment at Marcy Open School, a K-8 Minneapolis1008 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Sites (PRESS) a partnership between, target, the University of Minnesota, Reading Corps, and select Minneapolis schools (Marcy included), that focuses on teachers and students in grades K-3 and provides them Quality Core Instruction, Data-Based Decision Making, Tiered Interventions, and Professional Development. This program was designed because ample research proves that children’s’ ability to read by third grade determines their future success. In addition, the school implements Project SuccessRead MoreResearch-Based Best Practices in L2 Literacy Developing Reading Comprehension Skills for English Language Learners5405 Words   |  22 PagesEnglish Language Learners Research guiding questions: * How should classroom reading instruction practices best meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students? * Is there a need for unique pedagogy to meet the literacy development needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students? * Can the framework of Read Recovery be applied to inform classroom literacy instruction for second language learners? * How can theme-based learning be utilized to solidify readingRead MoreGrade 12 National Assessment Of Educational Progress6761 Words   |  28 Pagesentry-level college courses. With the push to improve the college and career readiness of U.S. students, it is incumbent that teaching be done to a higher standard and that more students enroll in the core curriculum. Additionally, the rigor of the instruction within the core curriculum must be improved. All students would benefit from systematic guidance and feedback regarding their academic progress beginning early in the educational process. According to ACT (2014) research, younger students whoRead MoreCritique Of The Lindamood Bell3291 Words   |  14 Pagesin 1992 (Grigg, Donahue Dion, 2007). In addition, fewer high school students are reading at proficient levels. Given these gaps there is a clear need to expand literacy instruction in upper grades, 8-12th, to support the reading of older students. How Common Core Standards Support Reading Comprehension and Literacy Instruction As Common Core standards emphasize the focus of students reading closely to comprehend an author’s message, and stresses an integrated model of literacy, the Visualizing

Carol Stack’s Call to Home Essay - 1443 Words

Progress and individualism are very much celebrated in American culture. Many people migrate to urban cities in the search of economic prosperity and to achieve the elusive â€Å"American Dream.† City life can often come as a shock to individuals not accustomed to a fast-paced lifestyle; conversely it can change a person. Such change can transform a person to lose the values and beliefs they were raised with which consequently attribute to losing the bonds that they once held with their families. This is not the case with the families portrayed in Carol Stack’s ethnography Call to Home. The book depicts Southern African-American families living in rural, North and South Carolina’s towns – which migrate to northern urban cities for economic†¦show more content†¦While in the north, individual’s sustained close bonds with their families and home. The adults often flocked home during summer vacations or whenever possible. Moreover the children were key players in maintaining close relations between the families in the North and South. Children were often sent to the South for summer vacations, semesters during the school year and some for most of their childhood when their parents moved away. It was not that parents did not want to take them but it was that they wanted the grandparents to raise their children as to instill and not lose sight of family values (Stack, 1996). Although most children were left for grandparents to rear, the children and the young adults were also caring for the elderly by helping them cope with ailments due to old age. In turn the adults in the north were helping their communities back home by sending their hard earned money. Family values and traditions are very important in maintaining social bonds in African American families. In addition, it is clear that African American families are matrifocal and matriarchal. Matrifocality is present in Burdy’s Bend – Miss Pearl is a great example – (Stack, 1996), in the film The Language You Cry In, and as discussed in Dr. Stevenson’s in class lecture (J. Stevenson, personal communication, November 18, 2013). The community members in Burdy’s Bend, all knew they could count on Miss Pearl whenever they needed help. As notedShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Of Society s Portrayal Of The Poor1565 Words   |  7 PagesHarlem Nights, Boomerang, Pretty Woman, and The Jeffersons. She references outside sources to compare their takes on this issue to hers to point out the similarities and dissimilarities in their arguments. bell hooks concludes her essay with a strong call to action, saying that poor people can lead meaningful lives despite what the media and the privileged classes say, but educated individuals must work with the poor to change their circumstances. She argues for society to acknowledge its misrepresentation

Saya Robot Free Essays

SAYA ROBOT ABSTRACT This Article describes an electronic mechanical machine with a Tele-operated android robot named SAYA. A robot is an electro- mechanical device which maybe appears as humanoid and it can performs tasks automatically. It may be done by using a remote control or a computer interface. We will write a custom essay sample on Saya Robot or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Branch of Technology that deals with Robots is called ROBTICS. It was found in the daily lives for example; the pet-type robot named AIBO, and a mental therapy robot and its effectiveness for elderly people. But the first uses of modern robots have been built by William Grey Walter in 1961s as industrial robots. THE ANDROID ROBOT SAYA After 15 years of research by Saya’s developer Hiroshi Kobayashi, the Professor at Tokyo University of Science; Saya is being tested as a teacher and it is being trialed at a primary school in Tokyo. After working as a receptionist and secretary. Also the robot Saya already used as traffic wardens and one is even being developed to provide company to Alzheimer’s sufferers. She can speak multiple- languages; also can express some basic emotions like surprise, disgust, smile, sadness. Because her face has simple structure and basically consists of mechanical frame and facial skin. SAYA THE ROBOT TEACHER In the classroom, there are Saya and some control equipment and the control system of Saya requires a compressor and electronic equipments. In the other side, there’s an operation room with two monitors one of them is used for the control, and the other one used for the observation. Saya is able to assign tasks to students, as well as perform facial expressions to denote her current mood. She also able to catch students passing notes in class, as well as plagiarizing one another’s homework. The operator is able to hear students from the speakers and respond to students as well. THE MAIN PURPOSES OF SAYA ROBOT The robot’s main purpose was to encourage children to be interested in science and technology; it’s also expected to contribute to children’s motivation to learn, in addition; it would benefit schools suffering from a shortage of human teachers. The robot was originally developed for companies who want to cut costs by replacing office workers such as secretaries and receptionists with an android. BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST – cdn. intechweb. org/pdfs/19461. pd – http://www. news. com. au/news/saya-robots-new-job-as-a-schoolteacher/story-fna7dq6e-1111119087968 How to cite Saya Robot, Papers

What the World Would Be Like If Sugar Didnt Exist free essay sample

What the World Would be like if Sugar Didn’t Exist The world is an extraordinary place. It is made up of many different things. One of those many things being something that appears in our daily life. In fact, it appears as well as it is consumed several times a day. This thing is everywhere in the world and in every single country, no matter how filthy rich or how raggedly poor. It is needed every day. It comes in a massive number of different shapes, sizes, colours and forms. Can you guess what this thing is? If you guessed sugar, then you are correct! But can you imagine what the world would be like if sugar did NOT exist? I think that a world without sugar would be hell. I mean, think about it. Try counting, how many things in this world are made up of sugar? Stacks of food that you eat have sugar in them, so how would they taste if they did not contain ANY sugar at all? Take chocolate for an example. We will write a custom essay sample on What the World Would Be Like If Sugar Didnt Exist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chocolate is practically MADE of sugar. If chocolate had no sugar in them, they would taste like a bunch of cocoa beans and milk which, believe me, is not a very pleasant taste. And how about coke? Coke is also mainly made up of sugar with the addition of a whole heap of other ingredients. What do you think coke would taste like if there was absolutely NO sugar at all? Horrible, I tell you. That’s how coke would taste. Utterly horrible! Another problem if sugar did not exist in the world would be health problems. Any human body would need a considerable amount of sugar to make up and refill the energy used by the body. Because how is energy made? By sugar of course! And if sugar were not to exist in the world, then no one would have any energy. Without sugar, everyone would be lifeless! The world wouldn’t even be happy! You have probably also been wondering about weight problems that are related to sugar. Sure, sugar might make you fat if you eat too much of it. But did you know that there are diseases in the world that can be cured by eating sugar lumps? Yes, it does seem unbelievable, but it is the pure truth. Many types of medicine in the world contain dissolved sugar lumps in them. So many diseases and viruses would not be cured if sugar did not exist because it would not be possible to make the medicine without sugar. The food chain would also be affected if sugar did not exist. This is because many living things rely and feed on sugar and the crops that grow sugar. So, if one animal were to be affected by the non-existence of sugar and the crop related to sugar, then many other living creatures would also be affected. That would be quite a disaster!! So in short, life without sugar would be a living hell and †¦ we simply cannot live without sugar!

The Texas and U.S. Constitution Essay Sample free essay sample

The Texas and U. S. Constitution are by far the two greatest paperss of all time created. Reason being is that the U. S. Constitution was thought up by some this states greatest work forces. and the Texas Constitution well it has the word Texas in it so that entirely makes it great. However even though these two paperss are great in their ain several ways they are in fact different and similar in some really interesting ways. The United provinces fundamental law is meant to function as guide lane for all provinces for all provinces where the papers is meant merely to supply a basic construction to the authorities. and all determinations on significance are to be interpreted by the Judiciary subdivision. As said by â€Å"J. Harvie Wilkinson III† â€Å"Americans decently rever our consititution for its protection of of indivudual rights. we tend to lover expression. nevertheless. that the fundamental law besides proviveds a design for our governmental structure† ( p1687 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Texas and U.S. Constitution Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The united provinces constition is non ment to hold all the replies to all the jobs we as a state might confront but alternatively give us a get downing point on the route to work outing the jobs. It covers a huge sum of subjects how of all time it does go forth out some really of import 1s such as wellness attention and instruction for cases in wich it is up to the provinces to make up ones mind on how they will indivudally cover with those issue every bit good as many others such as revenue enhancements. This besides explains why the fundamental law when compared to any other state’s fundamental law is alot shorter and has fewer words. The Texas constituion is with out uncertainty one of the longer province constituions that is still in usage today. This is because it is a â€Å"state constitution† and it needs to cover every individual subject that is non already talked about in the united provinces consitution. It clearly lays out what the texas authorities can and tilt do nil is truly left for interpertation in the papers like it is in the united provinces fundamental law. In theory. this should continue the broad ideals of the people and maintain authorities out of things in which the people believe it should non be involved in.

buy custom Health and Social Services essay

buy custom Health and Social Services essay As discussed earlier the community of Borough makes up Flatbush and it is situated in Brooklyn part of New York City. There are 37,132 housing units with 106,154 people living in them according to the 2000 census (Wikipedia, 2010). Twenty three percent of the residents live below poverty level while close to seventy percent are in the middle class. The community air is not severely polluted but it is not also the best in New York. This is as a result of dumping sites and other environmental conditions in the area. The housing facilities are not enough for the people. This can be seen with the crowding in the area. Most houses are apartment and row houses are also a character in Flatbush. The blocks have close to fifty houses together. The institutions present are Erasmus Hall High School at the borders of Flatbush, the reformed church and the Brooklyn College. There are several notable parks in Brooklyn most common is Brooklyn Botanical Garden and Prospect Park. The community shares all these resources and it is evident that the resources cannot cater for the community adequately. The environment waste collection programme is managed mostly by courtesy cleaners, J S Cleaners and other small establishments. They collect waste from the area and also look at the environmental conditions of the community. They also offer household services to the community. Flatbush is served by Home Healthcare services in Brooklyn and also social volunteer services are available. There are several and the most notable one is Flatbush centre which offers primary health care services, social services and other health needs for the Flatbush community. There are also Adult social services and health care, convalescent homes. East Flatbush Senior Citizens services offer these services. The New York Community Hospital of Brooklyn is the major health care facility that serves the residents of Flatbush and offers most health care needs of the community. This mentioned facilities are faced with challenges of the growing size of the community and lack of necessary resources. They are overwhelmed by the health needs of the Flatbush community (Preferred Health partners, 2010). Economics The median household income of Flatbush community is $38,091 and the median per capita income generated is $13,052 per year. There are several shopping stores and most common is the Johnson family store. There is a high rate of unemployment although there are few industries in Brooklyn. There are employment agencies helping people to find job opportunities. The community has several shopping stores that serve the big community. The economic challenge is majorly unemployment and high living costs. Transport and safety The community of Flatbush has a good network of transport. It i served by a subway network that is mostly used by the community. It is used by over twenty thousand of the members of the community. Then there are bus routes which serve at least six thousand of the community members while another close to six thousand also drive their own car. The rest use available ferryboats, bicycles and foot. Taxis are also available but it is not very common mode of transport for the people. The cleaning services are run by some few companies for example JS Cleaners. They are in charge for the sanitation of the area. The police department of New York and Fire department have a facility that acts as their post in Flatbush. They serve the precincts of Flatbush. The crime rates are also high in this area. Due to the diversity of culture and vast unemployment it is evident crimes like burglary, car theft and grand larceny will be high. Burglary and car theft are the leading crimes in Flatbush. Politics and Government The state senator is called Kevin Parker and he is facing challenge by a city council man in his bid for re election. His challenger Kendall Stewart is also faced with a claim against his aides who embezzled fund. The politics of Flatbush is mainly for the hot seat of state senator. The Federal Government of New York governs Flatbush and its community. The community advocates are not very much influential at the community level. They are only given deaf ears. Communication Communication in Flatbush is mostly informal. With the growth of the internet and social networks like face book, MySpace and twitter most people utilise this platform for communication. Mobile phones are also a form used by many. Most Flatbush residents own a mobile phone. Informal language is also widely used. This area is having many African Americans hence slang is also common. Newspapers are a common feature in the shopping stores and streets. It is evident that most adults can get a copy and read but the young people are rarely interested in the newspaper contents. They use internet to get updated with current issues and also depend on grapevine. Education There are various public and primary schools in Flatbush. There are also high schools and institutions. Erasmus Hall is the most common high school with various campuses in Flatbush border. The other is a private called New Vistas Academy. The schools are available but some students are not interested in studying because of their lifestyle. Female students are highly prone to drop out of school as a result of teenage pregnancy. The schools do not perform very well. Flatbush community students lack the motivation and spirit of studying. This is as a result of lack of discipline. There is a public library in Flatbush. It is available and accessible but it lacks many books. It is the bbuilding that can be seen but materials in the library are very old. The lack of educational resources is a major educational issue. Schools need to be upgraded and information materials have to be put in the library. Thus the resources minimally meet the educational needs of Flatbush community. Recreation Sport is the most common feature of recreation in Flatbush. The community tennis courts, basketball courts and pitches for football. There are also parks where the community can go and relax for example in Ditmas Park there are a variety of activities for recreation. Dance classes and other games are also widely available. The youths are mostly the ones involved in recreational activities. Basketball and tennis are more common. A few find dancing classes a priority. Not so many adults participate in the sports activities. The sports needs of Flatbush are partly met since good sports infrastructure lacks in Flatbush community. The facilities need to be improved. Perceptions The community leaders feel that the community services and programs are not adequate to cater for the large community in Flatbush. They are urging the government and also private initiatives to add more facilities and also try to improve the ones present. The facilities wear out fast for example the schools and transport system. They have served many years but they are rarely refurbished and improved. The population has grown and the capacity for the facilities has not been improved. The community elders feel there is a lot to be done regarding the health living of the community. Security is an issue as crime rates have increased. More substance abuse and alcohol is sold to those below the stipulated age. The community of Flatbush needs immediate attention of the authorities. Analysis The Flatbush community has been involved in many programmes to try and improve the health of the community. There are organizations that have come up to provide ways of having a safe community. The first line of defence in Flatbush can be assumed to be organizations that help the community to live a healthy life. Brooklyn Bureau of community service is one of the organizations. They offer a range of services that contribute to building a healthy social life for Flatbush community. The training offered by this organization is vital in forming the normal defence line of the community. Having these programs enables the community to face many societal problems positively and also avoid. When children go through the programmes they are not likely to be indulged in crime and negative behaviour, adults are going to be more conscious of their health and behaviour. They have also self help groups to curb the poverty levels in the community. This helps them meet their day to day financial requirements. Buy custom Health and Social Services essay

Wind turbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wind turbine - Essay Example According to the United States of America’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL), a small wind turbine is a type of turbine that is smaller than 1,000 kilowatts. They also have aero cable blades, vanes, current generators and lifetime bearing. It is, of course, my right choice for the best turbine because it is less costly and can be effectively used in places with harsh weather conditions(Dan F. & B. Dan, 2008). This makes it suitable as an energy source in places like telecom towers, rural schools and clinics, offshore platforms, grand residential and remote monitoring areas where there is no reliable electric grid coverage. This makes it as the best alternative source of power in such places. Design For this type of turbine to effectively and sufficiently perform its duties, it should be well designed and installed. This means that the necessary architectural procedures and materials should be put in place. Hence, a good one should have an aerodynamic model to help in determining the maximum height of the tower and control the number and shapes of the blades used. A proper installation is essential for it to perform well. Meaning, they can either be mounted on a tower or a building as tall as 30 feet. This will definitely help it to be above any obstacle that can act as a barrier in their smooth operations.

Final phil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final phil - Essay Example A little history of Hinduism has it that Hinduism and Buddhism were originated in South Asia. The history of Hindu has far more than that of Hinduism. It was used by Persian conquerors, since the middle of the first millennium BCE; refer to the indigenous populations living in the surroundings of the river flowing along the north- western frontiers of the Indian subcontinent, Sindhu. The prophet Gautama Buddha, who was the prince of the kingdom Kapilavatthu named Siddhartha, at the Himalayan Foothills, around 490 BCE, who was to become Gautama Buddha after his renunciation, founded Buddhism. Hinduism also means the emergence of Vedas, in which the Upanishads were composed between the 7th and 3rd century and also it became a part of the Vedas. Buddhism was emerged as a part of Shramana movements, around the 5th century.â€Å"Hinduism has the belief of monotheistic (one God) as well as polytheistic (many Gods) elements: the one Supreme Being (Brahman) also exists simultaneously in the deities of the Creator (Brahma), the Reality or Sustainer (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva)† (Hinduism par.6). According to the Buddhism philosophy, there is no god which does not believe in the concept of god. â€Å"In fact, often those who scorn others, claiming some unconvincing excuse, are unable to look the target of their ridicule directly in the eye, perhaps because they see their ownselves there† (Ikeda & Nanda p.9). The reincarnation and ultimate salvation was taught by Buddhism and rejected Vedas of Hinduism. An important principle of Hinduism is the Law of Karma. It is important to note that Buddhism has the doctrines, which were written in Pali –a canon text. Yoga is one of the important disciplines of Hinduism. Through Yoga, one can get a controlled body and mind. In Buddhism, they have the concept for salvation which is depended on oneself and not to others. Traditional worship of God is known as pooja in Hindu. There will be a pooja room in every Hindu’s house. However, it is important to note that the doctrine of Hinduism is not a fixed uniform, on contrary it is inclusive, broad and further its tolerant to many points of view (Chapter 19: Asian Thought p.411). Buddhism was found not only in India, but also in other countries like Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma), China, Korea, Thailand, Tibet and Japan. They also rejected the caste system which is in Hinduism. Moreover, Buddhism has a founder in Gautama Buddha, while Hinduism does not have any founder of its own. It was originated as a civilisation in the surroundings of River Sindhu. There are the four noble truths in Buddhism.â€Å"The doctrine of the Four Noble Truths then focuses on the relationship between suffering and attachment or desire† (Chapter 19: Asian Thought p.412). The Buddhist strongly rejects the doctrine of rebirth and karma, followed by the Buddhist doctrine of eight-hold path. Hinduism allows complete freedom to individual. It is extr emely liberal and catholic. And, also Sanskrit has got importance in this religion. Hindus have the belief that there are two stages of life. They are: Vanaprastha and Sannyasa, - man withdraws himself from all worldly activities, retires into the forest and prepares himself for taking Sannyasa. This is the life of a Vanaprastha sanyasa after vanaprasta and he leads a meditation life. Dharma, Reincarnation, and Karma are the basic tenets of Buddhism. The law

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement in Peruvian History Essay

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement in Peruvian History - Essay Example Its impact also exceeded the Peruvian border. Indeed the Cuban Revolution was one of the direct consequences of the Tupac Amaru. Victor Polay and Nestor Cerpa Cartolini: Victor Polay Campos is the founder of Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in 1983 and is the leader of the group military Tribunal in 1989. He appears to keep hold of a position of his family say that Campos, fluent in Spanish, French and also Basque. He gets sentenced several times but last for 32 years prison on March 21st, 2006. ‘Campos’ is the son of victor Polay- Risco, the founder of Peruvian Aprista party and is the son of a half Chinese comes in Peru to work in the sugarcane plantations. Nestor Cepra Cartolini: (born in 14, August, 1953 Lima) in a working class district of La Victoria. He becomes the leader of the Peruvian Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). As a union leader in the 1970s, involves in the invasion by workers of the Cromotex Textile factory in December 1978. In the ea rly 1980s, becomes involved with the nascent MRTA and comes to the leader position of the San Martin Zone Committee in haste and after that to the national leadership of MRTA. Origin of Amaru Revolutionary Movement The MRTA originates from the amalgamation of the â€Å"Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Socialist Party† and the militant section of the â€Å"Revolutionary Left Movement† in 1980. A number of former members of the Peruvian Army participate in the leftist â€Å"Government of the Juan Velasco Alvarado† (1968-1975). Whereas the â€Å"Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Socialist Party† rose from a legal political background, the â€Å"Revolutionary Left Movement† was a faction of the â€Å"Revolutionary Left Movement†, a Castroist guerrilla group which suffered a sheer defeat in 1965. The MRTA attempts to bring other leftist movements on a unified platform, following the first autonomous elections in Peru after the military regime of Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968–1980). Operations of Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: The first operation of the Tupac Amaru Activists occurs on 31 May, 1982. In the operation , five members of the organization under the leadershp of Victor Polay Campos and Jorge Talledo Feria robbed a bank in La. Both Victor Campos and Jorge Talledo were the members of the Central committee of the organization. In the operation, for the time, the movement lost its member Talledo. Peru’s counterterrorist agenda diminish the strength of the group to carry out more operation and through the passage of time, the organization suffers from internal clashes as well as aggressive clashes with other Maoist rival, the imprisonment or the pass away of the senior leaders and loss of leftist support in 2001. The fighters of the organization led an attack on the town of Jean located in the northern part of Cajamarca on 6 July 1992. After a severe shootout, they were driven out of the town and a police ma n named Eladio Garcia died in the firefight. In its final but the most violent operation, Fourteen armed Activists of the Tupac Amaru Movement took up the Japanese Ambassador’s abode in Lima and held 72 â€Å"hostages for more than four months†. In December, 1996, the last major action of the Tupac Amaru guerrillas ended unsuccessfully with the death of Nestor Cerpa Cartolini, the second Commander

Critical incidents and our behaviours.

Critical incidents and our behaviours. What is critical incident? Critical incident has been defined in different ways depending on the nature of the incident and the environment or setting where it took place. Tripp (1993) defines critical incidents as a commonplace events that occur in routine professional practice Incidents may relate to range of issues amongst which issues of communication, relationships, moral beliefs and ethical values, knowledge, culture or emotions. The definition I like best is that a critical incident need not be a dramatic event, but it is an incident which has significance for us. It is often an event which made us stop and think, or one that raised questions for us. One that may have made us question an aspect of our beliefs, values, attitude or behaviour. It is an incident which in some way has had a significant impact on our personal and professional experience and learning (MU). Curiosity is a basic human emotion. The psychologist William McDougall states that The instinct of curiosity is at the base of many of mans most splendid achievements . As humans we all have the drive to find rational explanation of lived events and our surrounding. We do that though trying to examine or reflect on our experiences. According David A. Kolb (1984) reflection is an inseparable part of the learning process. This is the part during which by analysing given event we enhance our knowledge, enrich our practical experience and prepare for new and challenging situations. Different frameworks have been developed to aid the development of critical reflection. Most prominent are the models of Kolb (1984), Gibbs (1988), Atkins and Murphy (1994), Johns (2000), Rolfe et al (2001) and Lister and Crisp (2007). Lister and Crisp explain that critical incident analysis has developed as a tool to aid critical reflection in practice, in health and social work. It has been used to enable students to describe and explore issues from their practice (Nygren and Blom 2001), (Montalvo 1999). PoDAIT describes that Critical Incident Analysis is an approach to dealing with challenges in everyday practice. and that As reflective practitioners we need to pose problems about our practice, refusing to accept what is. We need to explore incidents which occur in day-to-day work in order to understand them better and find alternative ways of reacting and responding to them. Therefore it is safe to conclude that critical incident analysis can enable professionals to reflect on their practice and to explain and justify it. Account: During my placement at a south London CMHT I had short period of working with the duty team. This was when I and the MH nurses Q met Miss X for an initial assessment. Several days following Miss Xs assessment her case was discussed at a clinical review with one of the team consultants DR G and it was decided that the dosage of her medications is to be altered. When I informed her GP of the above I was told that her medications have already been adjusted and that the dosage is different from the one given on her referral. This created the need for reviewing Miss Xs case second time. In the meanwhile Dr G left the team and was replaced by Dr V. By that time I had finished my period of duty work and despite the fact that I had recorded all information on the internal database and that Miss X was still a duty client I was asked to present her case at Dr Vs next clinical review. I had no objections as I had knowledge of the client, and especially as Q was not present. At the review was decided that Dr. V will offer Miss X another appointment. I recorded the outcome on the internal database and also reported to Q who happened to be on duty shift. I also informed him of the need for Miss X to be notified of her appointment. On the agreed appointment date Miss X did not attend and when contacted by phone she stated that she was not notified of it. Dr V asked me to offer her a new appointment for the following week. I had no obligation to liaise with the Miss X or do any work on the case as she was a duty client and I no longer had formal involvement with her. Nevertheless, I notified her of the new appointment did both over the phone and in writing. When the second appointment came Dr. V asked me to attend the assessment with her. I was not required to, however I accepted. I decided that while Miss X would be more comfortable with a familiar person during the meeting, I would have good learning opportunity attending an assessment conducted by one of the team consultants. When Miss X arrived I introduced Dr V to her. During the assessment Miss X said that her medications have not helped and that she cannot cope. During the assessment she was wringing her hands and became tearful. Dr. V identified that Miss X had not been taking her medications at the appropriate time and that sleeping in the afternoons could be contributing to Miss Xs difficult night sleep. During the assessment Dr. V suggested that she can prescribe Miss X a number of different sleeping aid medications. However, at the end Miss Xs medications were not changed and she was told to continue with her current ones, but to take them at the prescribed times. Dr V informed Miss X that she will offer her a follow up appointment in two weeks time, in order to assess her progress and to change her medications as and if necessary. Following the assessment I went to the duty workers and asked them to come for an update from Dr. V. Two of them were busy and the third one Z who is a MH nurse was dismissive. As I could not get anyone from the duty team to come I went to the doctors office for final discussion and planned to record the outcome of the assessment and any decisions on the internal database. While we were discussing Miss Xs action plan Z entered the office. It was jointly agreed that Miss X will be offered follow up appointment in two weeks time. Later in the day Z came to me and asked me whether I have recorded the appointment in the duty diary. I informed her that I have not as my understanding was that this is consultants appointment rather than a duty one, which is normally not recorded in the duty diary. Nevertheless, she insisted that I do so. As I recorded the appointment in the diary, which I found on Zs desk, Z came and asked me not to make the appointment for the agreed date but for the day after. She explained that the appointment fell on a day which should be free of duty appointments. I was obviously confused as the date was chosen by Dr V and the other 2 previous appointments were both booked for the same day of the week without that being a problem. Z said that she has spoken to Dr. V regarding the appointment already. While trying to be helpful, having been given ambiguous information and the fact that Miss X was not my client to start with, I decided to step back and asked Z to clear any confusion with Dr. V. On the following day during Dr. Vs clinical review meeting Z presented Miss Xs case with suggestion for her to be discharged back to GP. To my big surprise Dr. V agreed with the suggestion. The rest of the team approved her decision silently. As the team had moved onto discussing other client I did not want to interrupt and did not speak out until the end. Having considered the distressed and tearful state in which Miss X presented, during the two assessments, her reports of feeling hopeless and without support, and her previous suicidal ideation, I asked if we could have another look at her case and perhaps offer her one more appointment before discharging her from the team. Dr. V said that she had reconsidered her yesterdays decision and assert that Miss X presented low risk; therefore she did not require further input from a consultant. In principle I agreed that Miss X may not have to be seen by a consultant. Nonetheless, I still felt that it would have been appropriate and an example of good practice for a member of the team to see Miss X before discharging her, especially after she was told to expect further support. Z suggested that I should take the case on. I explained that without my placement tutors permission I am unable to accept any new clients. Z suggested that keeping her as a client for an extra week or two puts strain on the duty team and suggested that as alternative to face to face appointment I can call the client. I agreed to that, but highlighted that due to my student capacity I would still have to be supervised by a team member. One of the senior social workers commented that I will be given credit towards my competencies, for adv ocating for the client. My request was left unanswered and Z said that she would deal with the case. Following the meeting another member of the team also a MH nurse spoke to me and said that I should not have brought up this question and contested the decision made by the consultant. I provided my practice assessor with a report of the situation however, it never went any further. I tried to look at the whole process and the outcome from Miss Xs perspective and tried to explore her feelings. Removal of formal and informal power barriers between the su and s providers Did not feel like I could change the decision and speaking to the cons. Would not have been benefitial. I was surprised if not even shocked by the consultants decision. Earlier I had observed (noticed) a certain level of indecisiveness as whether to prescribe different medication s or not have offered a range of different meds however did not stick to any of her own suggestions. Reflecting on that I tried to justify her behaviour accepting the fact that along the assessment different new information came to light. (reflected on her actions and decisions made) Power dynamics, my student and consultant Being familiar with the details ot the case I felt it was morally and ethically unjust to remain silent and not bring the matter up Being assertive but not argumentative (being diplomatic) in this situation my believes and values clashed with the decision taken What was the right thing to do. Keeping in mind my status in the team as student on placement, without extensive social work experience and not familiar with the power dynamics within the team I was double minded as to whether to Express my disagreement by suggesting an alternative approach to the situation and in this way challenge the decision taken by the consultant or to remain silent. In this situation the final decision about the care of the patient was being made. I (felt) was aware that once the decision was made speaking in private with any of the participants would not be constructive or bring positive results. Learning No one likes being challenged and when this happen some people may become self-protective and resistant to accept others views which may also impair future joint working. It is important to highlight that by challenging certain decision it is only the decision being challenged and not the person. After all the joint goal is the wellbeing of the client and not proving who is right or wrong. Be aware of office power dynamics and be mindful that some professionals may be strongly opinionated and confronting their views on a particular matter has to be made with care and in non confrontational approach. Sensitively approach and challenge others opinions try to (prevent from happening) diffuse charged emotionaly situations (to be diplomatic) When analysing a critical incident, it is useful to ask yourself questions such as: Why do I view the situation like that? What assumptions have I made about the client or problem or situation? How else could I interpret the situation? What other action could I have taken that might have been more helpful? What will I do if I am faced with a similar situation in the future? Refs: Atkins, S Murphy, K (1994) Reflective Practice Nursing Standard 8 (39) pp49-54 Evans, D. (1999) Practice Learning in the Caring Professions, Aldershot, Ashgate. Gibbs G (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford. Johns C. (1995)Framing learning through reflection within Carpers fundamental ways of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 22 p. 226-234 McDougall W. (2003), An Introduction to Social Psychology, Courier Dover Publications Rolfe G., Freshwater D., Jasper M. (2001), Critical Reflection in Nursing and the Helping Professions: a Users Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (M.U.)(http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/medicine/reflective/2.xml) KOLB D A (1984) Experiential Learning: experience as the source of learning and development New Jersey: Prentice-Hall ProDAIT http://www.prodait.org/approaches/cia/ [accesedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.]

Duality in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Duality in Fahrenheit 451 Dualities are the most elementary of comparisons, and are the easiest for the mind to comprehend in that total opposites are brought to attention. These opposites subconsciously provide one with a deeper insight of the material and consciously entertain. In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, many dualisms are included both within Montag and in the outside world that provide 180 degree flip-side views, giving the book further depth and inner meaning. Within the many layers of Montag lay several opposite sides. For example, Montag is a fireman who burns books for a living but at home, spends time reading novels, poetry, and other written material. Although Montag could be called a hypocrite, he does not enjoy both the reading and the burning at the same time; he goes through a change that causes him to love books. Humans have the power to change and grow from one extreme to another, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. In addition, when Mildred is with Montag, Montag does not have feelings for her but thinks of her as she is killed by the bombs. He possesses both the knowledge that Mildred does not love him and the heart that truly cares, but he knows not how to deal with this. His feelings are oppressed; it takes a major event (the bomb) to jolt them from hibernation. There are many dualisms in the outside world of Fahrenheit 451. For example, Montag receives contrasting lectures from Faber and Beatty on what to do with the books and how to be. Beatty and Faber are like black and white: total opposites no matter how you look at it. This "flip-side of a coin" clearly compares the book burner to the book reader, the hatred to the love, and it also gives the reader the opportunity to "choose" their side. In addition, the fire is used to burn houses and books, to destroy possessions; it also is used by the outcast men to cook their meal, warm themselves, and provide light for them. The fire has, in itself, two conflicting sides which includes destruction and preservation. The fire gives Montag as well as the reader the understanding that one thing can have both good qualities and bad qualities at the same time, and that many powers can be spoiled if used for negative intentions. Duality in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays Duality in Fahrenheit 451 Dualities are the most elementary of comparisons, and are the easiest for the mind to comprehend in that total opposites are brought to attention. These opposites subconsciously provide one with a deeper insight of the material and consciously entertain. In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, many dualisms are included both within Montag and in the outside world that provide 180 degree flip-side views, giving the book further depth and inner meaning. Within the many layers of Montag lay several opposite sides. For example, Montag is a fireman who burns books for a living but at home, spends time reading novels, poetry, and other written material. Although Montag could be called a hypocrite, he does not enjoy both the reading and the burning at the same time; he goes through a change that causes him to love books. Humans have the power to change and grow from one extreme to another, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. In addition, when Mildred is with Montag, Montag does not have feelings for her but thinks of her as she is killed by the bombs. He possesses both the knowledge that Mildred does not love him and the heart that truly cares, but he knows not how to deal with this. His feelings are oppressed; it takes a major event (the bomb) to jolt them from hibernation. There are many dualisms in the outside world of Fahrenheit 451. For example, Montag receives contrasting lectures from Faber and Beatty on what to do with the books and how to be. Beatty and Faber are like black and white: total opposites no matter how you look at it. This "flip-side of a coin" clearly compares the book burner to the book reader, the hatred to the love, and it also gives the reader the opportunity to "choose" their side. In addition, the fire is used to burn houses and books, to destroy possessions; it also is used by the outcast men to cook their meal, warm themselves, and provide light for them. The fire has, in itself, two conflicting sides which includes destruction and preservation. The fire gives Montag as well as the reader the understanding that one thing can have both good qualities and bad qualities at the same time, and that many powers can be spoiled if used for negative intentions.

Internet Gaming Addiction Essay

Computer games are software which developed with an interesting plot, amazing graphics and unreal concepts which you may only see in those games, fantasy movies or animated movies. There are many types of computer games. There are some games that are really addictive making players unhappy if they were offered just a nick of time for playing. Some computer games drive and put the player at the highest level of eagerness to finish the game and wait for the next version. These games are addicting for only a short period of time, and stops after finishing it. The bad thing here is when the player starts to look for another game similar to his previous game. This surely is a sign of addiction. These computer games have characteristics that may or may not be experienced in real life. The difference of these games from the real world is that it makes the user do virtual things that people don’t do in real life. These games are designed to entertain people and one of its objectives is to make people hooked to it. If there are more people hooked, then the producers of the games get more profit. How did these games appeal to the people? Some games may not have done its objective but there are some that greatly caught the attention and time of the people who played it. Another thing is that these games offer competition. It is the same competition that we experience in real life. If the player performs well over the other players in the game, he feels satisfaction. In order to stand among the rest, a player needs to play hard or devote more time. It is just like when we want to standout in class, we have to study harder or when we like to be the most outstanding player in our favorite sports, we have to practice more. A person gets satisfaction after achieving something that he or she wants. This achievement is easy to acquire in computer games as compared to real life. You just sit down, run the game, and enjoy yourself while achieving your goals. However, computer games are far from our real world. You may relate to them, but the real thing is really different. Sometimes, the things that happen to your character in a role playing game may resemble the exact opposite of what is happening to yourself. When your character in the game gets richer, it does not follow that it could happen to the real you. Actually, it does the other thing – you become poorer. Getting addicted to these computer games may be enjoyable but there are serious consequences. Addiction always leads to negative effects. It renders a person irresponsible and makes him forget more important things he should do, and worse, people who are close to him. Sometimes life itself could be just thrown away like a disposable item. A South Korean man was reported dead after playing online game continuously. The death was caused by heart failure due to exhaustion, lack of sleep, and not eating enough (BBC News, 2005). Not sleeping or lack of sleep leads to failure or weakens the capability of our body to resist sickness. And gamers always force themselves to play up to the point that they even lose the time for sleeping. If normal people who lack sleep do not feel good sometimes, then this fact also applies to the gamers. Playing computer games is not for free. It uses electricity, some needs Internet connection, and sometimes you have to pay the game servers to play their online game. Living our daily lives is not for free either. We need resources to support our needs. We need to work to earn resources. Lucky are those teenagers supported by their parents. And obviously those parents will not support for addiction to computer games. It is also a reality that we may earn money from playing games because there are things in a computer game especially in online games that can be traded off with real money. But this money is not enough to support our needs. Addiction to computer games, generally, will not do good effects to the people. If you want to play computer games, you can play them. But be sure to remember not to fall on its trap on becoming addict to it. It has never been good to be an addict on computer games or anything. The only problem is, sometimes, you tend to ignore things because it is being blocked by something attractive or enjoyable. Being responsible is the key to avoid addiction. You better think of yourself, your family and your future. Do not let yourself get entangled in the roots of addiction. You should balance all the things that you do. Do not forget to be happy or do necessary things for your own life. You should know and set priorities in life. You should ask yourself what is important. Think critically, responsibly and do not stop with that. Whatever might be the result of that thinking, carry that on. Just plant in your mind that being an addict to whatever is not good. References: BBC News. 2005. S Korean dies after games session. Retrieved May 1, 2007. http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/technology/4137782. stm.

Interview Essays

Interview Essays Interview Essay Interview Essay Jean Pierre Peguero Interview Environmental factors do have a great impact on the development of a persons life view. Throughout life we Learn new things, go through trials and tribulations, and overcome hardships. All the things we experience and go through in life help form and shape the way we look and live our life’s. â€Å"Influence may be the highest level of human skills. † I conducted an interview with a good family friend of mine Jose-Luis DeJesus. Jose-Luis is of Puerto Rican descent. He works as a registered nurse at Brigham and Womens Hospital. We differ from age, up bringing, religion and our career paths are complete opposites. His age is 55 years old and I am 22 Years old, which makes that a 38 year difference to me. Our up-bringing was different on the count of I was brought up more modernized than him, Jose-Luis grew up his early years working on a farm. Our religions are also different. Jose-Luis religion is christianity, and is a dedicated church goer. I on the other hand, am Un-decided and dont believe much in religions. Jose-Luis chose to be a nurse as his career path because helping people is what he likes to do. I chose graphic design as my career path because i want to leave a mark visually on this earth. The highest dollar check I could get now in high school basketball would Just depend on what school I went to and what their budget is, but more than likely a coaching Job in Texas for high school would pay more than a high school coaching Job in Oklahoma. The pros of teaching and coaching are that you can make sure that your players are being more respectful in class, keeping up in their classes, and getting to be around them more because like I said once basketball season starts there like my family he said. Coach Thomlinson said he oes an occasional summer school for students who have failed and need to make up classes for some extra money but other than that the wife Just brings in the big bucks. If I could do it all over again I would definitely choose this profession because day in and day out it might not pay as well as other Jobs or some nights might be a lot rougher than others but the feeling you get when youre helping the kids on your team get to play the game they love and teaching them about the game they play couldnt be traded in for anything in the world I think

How to Write a Literature Essay on #8220;The Red and the White#8221;

How to Write a Literature Essay on #8220;The Red and the White#8221; A literature essay is used to closely examine a piece of prose, poetry, or a treatise. If you have to write one on, let’s say â€Å"The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West†, you need to know how to draft one for your instructor to give you a good grade. After all, you need to thoroughly analyze the written masterpiece you read. So, here are the steps your instructor will expect you to follow to write your first ever literature essay. Reading and Research Phase Analyzing a book becomes a lot easier if you have read the text thoroughly. Ideally, critical analysis requires deeply reading the text. If you do not have time for this, try to read the book at least once. After reading the primary text, you need to research secondary sources. Look up relevant facts on â€Å"The Red and the White† for a literature essay and carry out some additional reading on the major themes presented in the book. However, remember that these secondary sources are just an aid for your work. The ideas you present must be your own. At this stage choose the topic you wish to write about. You probably have already discovered some interesting aspects you can write on. For instance, you can focus on characters, themes, and historical events which motivated the author. For more topics on a literature essay about â€Å"The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West†, refer to 20 topics on â€Å"The Red and the White† for a literature essay. Introduction This is the first and most important part of the literature essay. It contains three basic components: a hook, a transition, and your thesis. The hook is a sentence that is used to grab your reader’s attention. You should broadly state the topic you are writing about. Try to make the introduction as interesting as possible. The second component, the transition, connects the broad idea of the hook to the specific work of literature you will be writing about. Include the title of the work; the name of the author in the introductory part of your essay. Also mention any special awards/accolades the book has received. The last part of the introduction is the thesis. A thesis is the central idea the entire essay. It should be a strongly worded statement that is equally clear and succinct. You can also provide a preview of your essay; simply list the major ideas your paper discusses. Body of the Essay The body of the essay is composed of three to five paragraphs. Each paragraph presents one idea which ties back into your original thesis. These paragraphs should be structured as follows: Topic sentence Explanation of the idea Supportive evidence from the text Connecting the idea to your main thesis The paragraphs should be structured in a way that allows the essay to flow smoothly from one topic to another. Keep your focus on proving the central idea you stated in the introduction. Conclusion Reiterate your central idea. Try to describe the broader significance of your topic. Finally, state why the literary aspect under discussion was used and how it illustrates your idea. This template is an ideal format to follow when writing a literature essay. Although it focuses on a specific book, you can easily generalize these guidelines and use them for any literature essay you need to work on in the future.

Executive Summary for business plan for frozen yogurt company Assignment

Executive Summary for business plan for frozen yogurt company - Assignment Example This, in turn, will significantly contribute towards the swift operations of the company. As a result, the company will be able to follow through on its objectives and mission of providing quality and efficient services and products to clients. Product. Y-spot frozen yogurt company is a business that seeks to commit to quality production for the market base. The company shall focus on the production of frozen yoghurts. Thus, in order to gain a competitive edge over its competitors, the company shall specialize in the production of different flavors of yoghurts. These flavors shall be based on unique customer requests. This implies that the company shall focus on the production of tailor-made yogurt products for its consumers. Therefore, the company shall gain a competitive edge over its rivals by responding effectively to unique customer needs. In addition, production of frozen yoghurts by the company also offers an efficient and effective mode of preservation for the company’s highly perishable products. Location. Y-spot frozen yogurt company shall, thus, be located in New York. This is attributed to the magnitude and nature of New York’s population. The city is inhabited by numerous and vast populations from various parts of the world. In addition, the city also boasts of numerous institutions with an immense student and working population. Therefore, the city’s vast and cosmopolitan population will provide the necessary market for the company. However, the company shall also employ the necessary marketing strategies such as use of the internet and social networks in the process of optimizing its sales operations. Moreover, the company shall also roll out its operations to the environs of New York as part of its first substantial expansion plan prior to rolling out operations to other parts of the nation. These expansion processes

CW4 - Peter Drucker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CW4 - Peter Drucker - Essay Example Peter’s era was the twentieth century where his career regarding management consultant grew from 1942.Peter Drucker had led a bright career in teaching phycology, sociology and management. Ultimately he pioneered in offering an executive MBA program for working professionals in Claremont Graduate University. His writing and critical thinking regarding the improvement of the organization as to adopt the human resource and benefit the human race urged him to write several books and articles. Although being the management consultant he was not much inspired by the numbers but he was focused upon improving the organizational cultures and relations so that the human resource management can be done more effectively and beneficially. Peter Drucker’s writing regarding society and politics led him to work in the high level management of one of the biggest company around the world at that time, General Motors. Peter taught the management of liberal art where the relation regardin g the suppliers, customers, employees and other companies were given much value than crunching of the numbers. With his workings and phycology Peter earned links in the top management of the many of the big bulls of that time including General Electric, IBM, Sears and many more especially in Japan as Japanese where really inspired with his works. Main Thought From the start Peter Drucker was more inspired and exaggerated the relationship between the people then from the valuation of numbers. The main focus of Peter was upon improving the relation between the employees and enhancing the capabilities of the human resource. He was much inspired by those who work with minds rather than those who work with hands. Most of the works of Peter Drucker is upon the betterment of the management in the organizations as he believed that private organizations play a vital role for the betterment of the society. Peter’s belief of making organization better to better serve the society led to many ideas in reforming the organizational cultures and norms so that the private sectors serve the economy and enhance the human lives. The Wall Street Journal called Drucker â€Å"the most influential management thinker of the past century,† who â€Å"developed a loyal following among many of the world’s most-famous corporate chieftains, and became the model of the modern management guru, a craft he plied far more modestly than many of his successors† (Thurm & Lublin, 2005). Peter believed that the human resource is one of the most important assets to the company and the management should value the employees and train them accordingly so that the employees would bring out their talent and benefit the organization and the society. it is this thought of Peter Drucker that realized the worth of human resource in the organizations and ultimately leaded to the enhancements in the human capabilities. Peter Drucker idealized the importance of the private sector as th e organizations and their relation with the better society by providing human resource that are more benefiting for the society as a whole. According to him the works of the workers should be appraised and appreciated. By appreciation the motivation level of the individuals increase and thus improves the potential of the individual ultimately resulting in the enhancement of knowledge within the individual and then spreading in the social circle and thus benefiting for the whole society. The appreciations of the works of the workforce is the main reason that the workforce devotion

Water Transfer In Poor Countries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Water Transfer In Poor Countries - Assignment Example Not only a management that is expert in the level is required but along with it there is a need to use alternatives water resources for the future water use that is affordable and even if it is not, then external funding for the transfer of the water is required. It tells us that sea water can be used in the developing countries for the different water use requirements. Although the water treatment for the sea water is not an easy task, but still it can be used as an alternative water source. Still the transferring of sea water to different parts of the developing countries could be costly, and extensive water supply engineering is required and a need to manage these water storage and transport facilities is a matter of cost and debate. National geographic society states that if water source is not within one kilometer range then per capita consumption drops to 5 liters/person (National Geographic News, 2003). The sea water hence could be used as a water resource in the developing co untries, but along with this intervention, the need to recycle the sea water must also be taken into consideration. Specially for domestic purposes it could be used as a

Dissemination of Data Essay Example for Free

Dissemination of Data Essay Freemantle and Watt (1994) suggest dissemination is the mechanisms and strategies by which specific groups become aware of, obtain, and make use of information. This definition introduces the notion of targeting specific groups with information that may be relevant, but also highlights the necessity of such groups being able to make use of the information once received. A goal of the researcher according to Pellecchia (1999) should be â€Å"to disseminate the findings, thereby adding new knowledge to the field†. Researchers have an array of presentational styles and formats to choose from that best fit their research purposes (Sandelowski, 1998) but the key point is to choose the most appropriate method for displaying particular research findings (Saldana, 2003). In paying attention for the above research, the most popular way to reach desired target audiences is to give a paper or show a poster in lobby influential individuals through conferences, seminars or meetings, write press articles for publications that are read by policy-makers, send a targeted mailings containing relevant findings and recommendations in the form of a newsletter, letter or leaflet and by using visual and multimedia formats such as DVD’s can enhance the impact of research findings however, the costs associated with multimedia production can be higher than other methods of dissemination. Freemantle N, Watt I (1994) Dissemination: implementing the findings of research Health Libraries Review; 11: 2, 133-137. Pellecchia LG (1999) Dissemination of research findings: Conference presentations and journal publications. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation; 14: 3, 67-79. Sandelowski, Margarete (1998). Writing a good read: Strategies for re-presenting qualitative data. Research in Nursing and Health, 21(4), 375-382 Saldana, Johnny (2003). Dramatizing data: A primer. Qualitative Inquiry, 9(2), 218-236. Research Design -1500 Methodology refers to the philosophical framework, the fundamental assumptions and characteristics of a human science perspective van Manen (1997). It is the theory behind the method, including the study of the method one should follow and why. To answer the research question, this study was guided by the philosophy of hermeneutic phenomenology that sought to address the experiences of women regarding reconstructive surgery. According to Rossman and Rallis (1998), phenomenology pursues to develop an understanding of lived experience. The first-hand report or description of one’s experience of the phenomenon is central to the understanding of the phenomenon. The focus of a phenomenological study according to Patton (1990) lies in the descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experience. The goal of phenomenological research is to describe and identify precisely the essence of a person’s lived experience in relation to what is being studied and not to develop a model or describe a grand theory (Oiler, 1982). Phenomenology, as a research method, is a rigorous, systematic investigation of phenomena which approach is descriptive, retrospective, in-depth analysis of a conscious lived experience, which is everyday experiences that are real and true to the individual. Every time a participant’s view is expressed, the researcher may see the interpretation as an answer to the question that is being asked (van Manen, 1997). Thus, the conversation has a hermeneutic orientation â€Å"to sense-making and interpreting of the optic that drives the conversation†(van Manen, 1997, p.98). The adoption of hermeneutic phenomenology was based on several factors. Since the objective of the study was to determine how satisfied women are with the reconstructed breast after surgery. Hermeneutic principles facilitated the interpretation and meaning of these women’s experiences and took into account the influences of social factors. It acknowledges that understanding is influenced by both internal and external factors, and is guided by language which leads to the creation of new meanings or understanding through dialogue (Vis, 2005). Hermeneutic phenomenology involves the process of interpretation and the interaction between the researcher and the participants, requiring the researcher to be reflective, insightful, sensitive to language and open to new experiences (van Manen, 1997). It afforded the opportunity to explore and gain better appreciation of the researcher‟s cultural heritage, which enriched the depth of interpretation and understanding of the phenomenon. Sample The study was conducted at the Spire Cardiff Hospital, which caters specialist cancer care within Wales. Nurses and psychosocial professionals identified the potential participants who met the eligibility criteria and provided the researcher with their telephone numbers. The researcher approached identified participants during clinic visits or contacted them by telephone to introduce herself and provide a detailed explanation of the study. Ten participants will be recruited since there is a limited number of women that have undergone breast reconstruction within the specified year. A number of eight to ten sample size was appropriate for a phenomenological study (Morse, 2000; Starks Trinidad Brown, 2007) and achieved the goal of obtaining a varied, rich and deep understanding, or essence, of their lived experience (Creswell, 1998). The specific criteria for selecting the participants include women who received any type of breast reconstructive surgery due to breast cancer, who are older than 18 years of age, can speak and write English, and had no history of major mental illness, and those who have received breast reconstructive surgery from last year (2011) up to this year (2012). Purposive sampling will be used in this study. Verbal consent was obtained from those willing to participate in the study. Thereafter, an interview was scheduled at a mutually suitable time at the hospital or the participant’s home at which time written consent was obtained following review of the consent form. The consent form was written in English and describes the study and its objectives, outlines the potential risks and benefits to participants, as well as the safeguards to maintain confidentiality of data. The consent form also advises participants they may withdraw from the study at any time without compromising their clinical care. Data Collection Data collection consisted of patient demographic profiles and audio-taped face-to-face interviews which were subsequently transcribed. A semi-structured interview guide was constructed to facilitate data collection; the questions were partially derived from existing psychosocial literature on the concept of self-identity (Mathieson Stam, 1995) and modified for the purpose of this study. These questions were constructed to seek meaning and significance of a phenomenon (van Manen, 1997). The interviews were digitally audio-taped and transcribed. Each interview lasted about 1 – 1  ½ hour. In hermeneutic phenomenology, an interview serves as a vehicle to explore, gather and develop a conversation with the participants to gain an understanding of the meaning of the lived survivorship experience (van Manen, 1997). According to van Manen (1997), the art of the researcher in a hermeneutic interview is to keep open the question of the meaning of the phenomenon and as well to keep the researcher and the participant oriented to the idea of being questioned. As Gadamer (1975) states, â€Å"The art of questioning is that of being able to go on asking questions, i.e. the art of thinking† (as cited in van Manen, p.330). In keeping with the hermeneutic inquiry, the interview began with a broad question which asked each participant to describe what it was like around the time of breast cancer diagnosis. Thereafter, the researcher sat back and listened, allowing the participants to tell their story and the process to evolve. Following the hermeneutic circle of questioning, the researcher went back and forth, deconstructing and reconstructing meanings, while paying particular attention to not only what was said, but also and more importantly, to what was not said to uncover the true essence of the experience (McConnell-Henry et al., 2009a). Additionally, the researcher introduced ideas and concepts expressed from one interview to the next to validate common or varied themes. Attention was directed to whole or overall meanings, and at the same time, the whole or overall meanings were examined by its parts (van Manen, 1997). Field notes and memos were recorded immediately following each interview, with notations on the location of the interview, the participant’s home environment, as well as participant’s body language, facial expressions and emotional responses, such as tone of voice and affective changes observed during the interview. The researcher’s impressions and feelings during the interview and preliminary thoughts on emerging themes and theoretical assumptions were recorded in a reflexive journal. Nvivo 2.0 qualitative software was used for coding of the data. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, SD) were calculated for all demographic variables. Data analysis was conducted based an inductive iterative approach. In qualitative research, a transcript is necessary to achieve the research goal of capturing participants‟ reconstruction of their lived experience in their own words (Sandelowski, 1994) and to complement the level of analysis involved (Drisko, 1997). Sandelowski (1994) believes that a transcript becomes the researcher‟s raw data by preserving the interview event and which could be utilized for member checking and expert peer review. If the focus of an analysis is to provide an in-depth description of the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs or experiences of an individual, or a group of individuals, then a lengthier and more extensive text is required for the transcript. The interest of researchers goes beyond identifying patterns and salient themes; they also seek to demonstrate variations in the way a phenomenon is framed, articulated and experienced, as well as the relationships within and between particular elements of such a phenomenon (MacLean, Meyer, Estable, 2004). As the aim of this hermeneutic phenomenological research was to gain a deeper understanding of women’s feeling after breast reconstruction, every effort was made to capture not only spoken words but also the emotional content of the interviews. Transcripts were transcribed verbatim and included mispronunciations, grammatical errors, vernacular expressions, intonations, slang, and emotional sounds; these were denoted in the transcripts as [crying softly], [laughing softly] or [sounds like nervous laughter] (MacLean et al., 2004). Attention to the expression of idioms is particularly important in phenomenology as they are born out of lived experience (van Manen, 1997). To improve understanding of the content and affect of the interviews, transcripts included contextual information such as silences or pauses in conversation and background noises, as well as inaudible segments, which were documented in the transcripts as [cannot hear] or [inaudible] (MacLean et al., 2004; McLellan, MacQueen, Neidig, 2003). Interviews conducted in English were transcribed verbatim by an English-speaking transcriber, The researcher clarified and verified the English transcripts against each interview and made changes as required. For accuracy and quality control purposes, spot-checks were conducted on all transcripts and translated transcripts (McLellan et al., 2003). Preparation for data analysis begins by orienting oneself to the phenomenon (van Manen, 1997). To accomplish this, the researcher emerged herself in the data by listening to each tape purposefully and reflectively, paying attention to each participant‟s human existence. While listening, the researcher mentally re-lived the interview process; Multi-layered readings allowed a wholistic feeling of the „big picture‟ and ensured no aspects of the phenomenon were omitted. The researcher individually coded all the transcripts. During the readings, significant phrases, sentences and statements were highlighted and coded, with particular attention paid to recurrent images, repeated words, metaphors or analogies, and contradictions and transitions in the narratives (Ryan Bernard, 2003); emerging themes were categorized according to the four structures of the lifeworld. Interpretation and meanings were proposed for each statement employing words as close as possible to those voiced by the participants. Common themes were integrated into the four existential structures that describe the phenomenon , thereby generating a clear structured cognitive framework of the emergent themes; a distinction was made between incidental themes versus essential themes(van Manen, 1997). Constant comparison of the text was undertaken to identify negative cases and compare thematic patterns and commonalities that characterized the phenomenon being studied, and to explain individual variations within each interview as well as all interviews as a whole (Thorne, Kirkham, OFlynne-Magee, 2004). Phenomenological investigation entails the art of sensitivity to the subtle undertones of language; this requires the researcher to be a true listener to attune to the deep tonalities of language that normally fall out of the range of accustomed hearing (van Manen, 1997). Data Analysis 5.3.1 Thematic Analysis This study employed thematic analysis to describe and interpret the internal meaning structures of lived experience or lifeworld. In qualitative research, thematic analysis is the most common approach for data interrogation (Creswell, 1998). According to Luborsky (1993), the significant benefit of utilizing thematic analysis is its direct representation of an individual‟s point of view and descriptions of experiences, beliefs and perceptions. In phenomenology, themes, or existential themes, are viewed as the structures of experience and often described and interpreted within the structures of the four existentials of lifeworld lived space (spatiality), lived time (temporality), lived body (corporeality), and lived relation (relationality) as the means to ground human experience (van Manen, 1997). In other words, recognizing how and where the data was to be categorized thematically not only helped to integrate the themes into a structured meaning, but also provided a clear structured cognitive framework for the researcher and the reader to understand the textual data (Vis, 2005). Unlike quantitative research which seeks causal determination, prediction and statistical generalization of findings, the aim of a naturalist, constructive and interpretative inquiry is to solicit rich illumination, understanding and extrapolation from the data generated (Hoepfl, 1997; Polkinghorne, 1989). The issues of validity and reliability are just as important in qualitative studies as in quantitative research to establish truth-value; in qualitative investigations, however, validity and reliability are achieved through the concepts of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Guba Lincoln, 1985). For hermeneutical research, the multiple stages of interpretation that allow patterns to emerge, the discussion of how interpretations arise from the data, and the interpretive process itself are critical ways to ensure rigor (Koch, 1995).Rigor was further enhanced by having two English transcripts randomly selected and reviewed by the thesis supervisor (CW) and a committee member (DH). They each read the transcripts to verify coding accuracy, reviewed the extracted statements as well as the formulated meanings and themes, and provided additional interpretation of the coded data as necessary. In this study, trustworthiness was addressed through reflexivity, prolonged engagement, interdisciplinary triangulation, negative case analysis, peer debriefing/support and audit trail (Padgett, 1998). Prior to detailed discussion of the techniques employed to establish trustworthiness, I pause to acknowledge the current debate and tension regarding the appropriateness of applying quantitative terminology to establish rigor in qualitative research (Golafshani, 2003) . While prolonged engagement, triangulation and negative case analysis are acceptable techniques to establish rigor in qualitative research (Guba Lincoln, 1985), there is, however, an acknowledged need for qualitative researchers to define the meanings of these techniques within the paradigm (Babour, 1998). Therefore, interpretation of the techniques applied in this hermeneutic phenomenological research is explained. Ethical Considerations Ethics approval was sought and obtained from the Research Ethics Board to conduct the thesis research at Spire Cardiff Hospital. Administrative ethics approval was also sought and obtained from the Office of Research Ethics in Wales for thesis research. Participants who met the inclusion criteria were contacted by the researcher to introduce the study, provide written details of the investigation and obtain their consent to participate in the study. The consent form in English described the study and its objectives, the potential risks and benefits to participants, and the safeguards to maintain confidentiality of data. The consent form also advised participants that they could withdraw from the study at any time without compromising their clinical care. The risk to the participants in this study was limited to possible psychological or emotional discomfort when sharing their experiences; in such cases, the interview would be suspended and participants offered the option of continuing or terminating the interview, as well as a referral to the Spire Cardiff Hospital Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care Program for professional support. Benefits of the study are its contribution to both the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial/supportive care interventions and the knowledge-building process regarding the women’s experiences after breast reconstruction. To protect the confidentiality of participants, an identifying number was assigned to digitally recorded interviews. All patient identifying information was deleted before they were forwarded to a secured e-mail account for transcription. To ensure security, digital audio recordings were stored in the researcher’s locked office and transcribed data password protected. Participants were assured that their decision to participate, or not would in no way affect their follow up or future treatment and care at the hospital. Participants were referred to another breast site social worker for psychosocial care as appropriate. van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (2nd ed.). 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Notes on Transcription. Research in Nursing Health, 17, 311-314. MacLean, L., Meyer, M., Estable, A. (2004). Improving Accuracy of Transcriptsin Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research, 14(1), 113-123. Drisko, J. W. (1997). Strengthening qualitative studies and reports: Standards to promote academic integrity. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 185-197. McLellan, E., MacQueen, K., Neidig, J. L. (2003). Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription. Field Methods, 15(1), 63-84. Ryan, G. W., Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85-109. Thorne, S., Kirkham, S. R., OFlynne-Magee, K. (2004). The analytic challenge in interpretive description. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from Http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/3_1/pdf/thorneetal/pdf Luborsky, M. R. (1993). The identification and analysis of themes and patterns. In J. Gubrium A. Sankar (Eds.), Qualitative Methods in Aging Research (pp. 189-210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hoepfl, M. (1997). Choosing qualitative research: A primer fpr technology edcuation researchers. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/jte-v9n1/JTEv9n1.pdf#page=49 Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle S. Halling (Eds.), Existential Phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. 41-60). NY: New York: Plenum Press. Guba, E., Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalisitc Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Koch, T. (1995). Interpretative approaches in nursing research: The influence of Husserl and Heidegger. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 827-836. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Padgett, D. (1998). Qualitative methods in social work research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Babour, R. S. (1998). Mixing qualitative methods: Quality assurance or qualitative quagmire? Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), 352-361. Levine, E. G., Eckhardt, J., Targ, E. (2005). Change in post-traumatic stress symptoms following psychosocial treatment for breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 618-635. Smith, M. Y., Redd, W. H., Peyser, C., Vogl, D. (1999). Post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer: A review. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 521-537. Kornblith, A. B., Herndon, J. E., Weiss, R. B., Zhang, C., Zuckerman, E. L., Rosenberg, S., et al. (2003). Long-term adjustment of survivors of early-stage breast carcinoma, 20 years after adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 98(4), 679-689.

Theory of Two Magnetically Coupled RLC Circuits

Theory of Two Magnetically Coupled RLC Circuits CHAPTER 3 In many physical situations coupling can be created between two or more oscillatory systems. For instance, two pendulum clocks which are mounted on the same wall will be coupled by the flexing of the wall as each swing. Similarly, electronic devices frequently contain several tuned circuits that may be deliberately coupled by another circuit element, or even accidentally by stray fields. In all these situations, energy can be transferred when the frequency of one or both of the oscillators will be shifted. (Anon, 2011) 3.1 Theory of two magnetically coupled RLC circuits Two inductively coupled RLC circuits are shown below (Figure 1). Two resonant frequencies are obtained owing to the fact that there are two circuits. The separation of the two frequencies depends on the value of the mutual inductance M, defined as the ratio of the voltage in the secondary to the rate of change of primary current with time. It has a reactance at the operating frequency. (Arkadi, 2004) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law equations for both the primary and secondary loops yield (it is assumed here that ) These equations can be written in the matrix form as follows: where, and Following Cramer’s rule, where Thus, the solution from which the frequency response can be obtained is Resonance occurs at the two frequencies given by the following equations: The behavior of the circuit can qualitatively be understood on the basis of the reflected impedance (or coupled impedance). An inductively coupled circuit is said to reflect impedance in the secondary into the primary circuit. For a further explanation, the coupled circuits shown in Fig 2, is considered. The positive direction of the currents is chosen into the polarity mark on the generator representing the induced voltages, so that Kirchhoffs equations are is the mutual impedance , includes the source impedance and the secondary load. These equations may be solved for the equivalent primary impedance The reflected impedance is then A resistance is reflected as a resistance, whereas a capacitance is reflected as an inductance , and an inductance reflected as a capacitance . At resonance condition, the reflected impedance is resistive, and therefore acts to lower the Q-factor of the primary, and thereby reducing the output. This is however counteracted by an increase in coupling, which increases the output. The lower Q-factor gives a wider bandwidth. At lower frequencies than exact resonance, the reflected impedance is said to be inductive, which contributes to the inductance of the primary and consequently resonates at a lower frequency, producing a peak in the output. At higher frequencies than exact resonance, the reflected impedance is said to be capacitive, which cancels part of the inductance and eventually causes the circuit to resonate at a higher frequency, producing the second peak. (Arkadi, 2004) 3.2 Theory of couplings between two resonators The operation of resonators is very similar to that of the lumped-element resonators (series and RLC resonant circuits). Generally, two eigen frequencies can be obtained in association with the coupling between two coupled resonators, despite whether ther are synchronously or asynchronously tuned. The coupling coefficient , can therefore be extracted from these two frequencies, which can be obtained using eqn () and eqn (). However, these two frequencies can also be easily and directly identified in experiments without doing any calculations. According to (Hong, 2004), the formula for the computation of the coupling coefficient for synchronously tuned resonators does not yield the appropriate results when used to compute the coupling coefficient of asynchronously tuned resonators. Therefore it is of fundamental importance to present comprehensive treatment and derive a proper formulation to extract the coupling coefficient for asynchronously tuned resonators. In general, for different structure resonator (Figure ), the coupling coefficient may have different self-resonant frequencies. It may be defined on the basis of a ratio of coupled energy to stored energy, that is, Electric coupling magnetic coupling where all fields are determined at resonance. The volume integrals are over entire regions with permittivity of Æ  and permeability of ÃŽ ¼. However the direct evaluation of from eqn. would require a complete knowledge of the field distributions and would need to perform space integral. This would certainly not be an easy piece of work unless analytical solutions of the fields exist. However, Hong et al. (2004) found that there exists a relation between the coupling coefficient and resonant frequencies of the resonators which eases our task in computing the coupling coefficient.The coupling is due to both electric and magnetic effects. It is therefore essential to formulate expressions for each type of coupling separately. 3.3 Formulation for coupling coefficients 3.3.1 Electric coupling For electric coupling alone, an equivalent lumped-element circuit (Figure ) is designed to represent the coupled resonators. The two resonators resonate at frequencies and . They are coupled to each other through mutual capacitance . For natural resonance to occur, the condition is (as mentioned previously in 2.2.3). The resonant condition leads to an eigen equation After some manipulations eqn () reduces to This equation has four eigenvalues or solutions. However, out of the four, only the two positive real solutions are of interest to us. This is because they represent the resonant frequencies which are identifiable, namely A new parameter is defined, where it is assumed that . Substituting and in eqn (), Defining the electric coupling coefficient, according to the ratio of the coupled electric energy to the average stored energy. 3.3.2 Magnetic coupling A lumped-element circuit model like Figure is used to show the magnetic coupling through mutual inductance, of asynchronously tuned resonators. and are the two resonant frequencies of the uncoupled resonators. For natural resonance to occur, the condition is, . This leads to After expanding, Like in 3.3.1, this equation has four solutions, of which only the two positive real ones are of interest to us, We define a parameter, Assuming , and recalling and , substitute in eqn () Defining the magnetic coupling coefficient as the ratio of the coupled magnetic energy to the average stored energy, 3.3.3 Mixed coupling There is a mixture of both electric and magnetic coupling in the case of the experiments that will be performed in this project. Therefore to derive the coupling coefficient of the two resonators, we may have a circuit model as shown in Fig. Fig. The electric coupling is represented by an admittance inverter with while the magnetic coupling is represented by an impedance inverter with . Based on the circuit model of Fig. , and assuming all internal currents flow outward each node, a definite nodal admittance matrix can be define with a reference at node ‘0’ with For natural resonance, it implies that This requires that the determinant of admittance matrix to be zero, that is, After some manipulations, we can arrive at This biquadratic equation is the eigen-equation for an asynchronously tuned coupled resonator circuit with the mixed coupling. Letting either or in eqn. reduces the equation to either coupling, which is what should be expected. There are four solutions of eqn. However, only the two positive ones are of interest, and they may be expressed as with Define For narrow-band applications we can assume that and the latter actually represents a ration of an arithmetic mean to a geometric mean of two resonant frequencies. Thus we have in which Now, it is clear that is nothing else but the mixed coupling coefficient defined as The derived formula for extracting the coupling coefficients of any two asynchronously resonators can thus be formulated as This formula can also be used in computing the coupling coefficient of two synchronously tuned resonators, and in that case it reduces to We will demonstrate the application of the derived formulation in this project through the construction of two identical coupled spiral coil resonators and identify their respective resonant frequencies as well as determining the mixed coupling between them through the use of capacitors added to them.