Water Transfer In Poor Countries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Water Transfer In Poor Countries - Assignment Example Not only a management that is expert in the level is required but along with it there is a need to use alternatives water resources for the future water use that is affordable and even if it is not, then external funding for the transfer of the water is required. It tells us that sea water can be used in the developing countries for the different water use requirements. Although the water treatment for the sea water is not an easy task, but still it can be used as an alternative water source. Still the transferring of sea water to different parts of the developing countries could be costly, and extensive water supply engineering is required and a need to manage these water storage and transport facilities is a matter of cost and debate. National geographic society states that if water source is not within one kilometer range then per capita consumption drops to 5 liters/person (National Geographic News, 2003). The sea water hence could be used as a water resource in the developing co untries, but along with this intervention, the need to recycle the sea water must also be taken into consideration. Specially for domestic purposes it could be used as a

Dissemination of Data Essay Example for Free

Dissemination of Data Essay Freemantle and Watt (1994) suggest dissemination is the mechanisms and strategies by which specific groups become aware of, obtain, and make use of information. This definition introduces the notion of targeting specific groups with information that may be relevant, but also highlights the necessity of such groups being able to make use of the information once received. A goal of the researcher according to Pellecchia (1999) should be â€Å"to disseminate the findings, thereby adding new knowledge to the field†. Researchers have an array of presentational styles and formats to choose from that best fit their research purposes (Sandelowski, 1998) but the key point is to choose the most appropriate method for displaying particular research findings (Saldana, 2003). In paying attention for the above research, the most popular way to reach desired target audiences is to give a paper or show a poster in lobby influential individuals through conferences, seminars or meetings, write press articles for publications that are read by policy-makers, send a targeted mailings containing relevant findings and recommendations in the form of a newsletter, letter or leaflet and by using visual and multimedia formats such as DVD’s can enhance the impact of research findings however, the costs associated with multimedia production can be higher than other methods of dissemination. Freemantle N, Watt I (1994) Dissemination: implementing the findings of research Health Libraries Review; 11: 2, 133-137. Pellecchia LG (1999) Dissemination of research findings: Conference presentations and journal publications. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation; 14: 3, 67-79. Sandelowski, Margarete (1998). Writing a good read: Strategies for re-presenting qualitative data. Research in Nursing and Health, 21(4), 375-382 Saldana, Johnny (2003). Dramatizing data: A primer. Qualitative Inquiry, 9(2), 218-236. Research Design -1500 Methodology refers to the philosophical framework, the fundamental assumptions and characteristics of a human science perspective van Manen (1997). It is the theory behind the method, including the study of the method one should follow and why. To answer the research question, this study was guided by the philosophy of hermeneutic phenomenology that sought to address the experiences of women regarding reconstructive surgery. According to Rossman and Rallis (1998), phenomenology pursues to develop an understanding of lived experience. The first-hand report or description of one’s experience of the phenomenon is central to the understanding of the phenomenon. The focus of a phenomenological study according to Patton (1990) lies in the descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experience. The goal of phenomenological research is to describe and identify precisely the essence of a person’s lived experience in relation to what is being studied and not to develop a model or describe a grand theory (Oiler, 1982). Phenomenology, as a research method, is a rigorous, systematic investigation of phenomena which approach is descriptive, retrospective, in-depth analysis of a conscious lived experience, which is everyday experiences that are real and true to the individual. Every time a participant’s view is expressed, the researcher may see the interpretation as an answer to the question that is being asked (van Manen, 1997). Thus, the conversation has a hermeneutic orientation â€Å"to sense-making and interpreting of the optic that drives the conversation†(van Manen, 1997, p.98). The adoption of hermeneutic phenomenology was based on several factors. Since the objective of the study was to determine how satisfied women are with the reconstructed breast after surgery. Hermeneutic principles facilitated the interpretation and meaning of these women’s experiences and took into account the influences of social factors. It acknowledges that understanding is influenced by both internal and external factors, and is guided by language which leads to the creation of new meanings or understanding through dialogue (Vis, 2005). Hermeneutic phenomenology involves the process of interpretation and the interaction between the researcher and the participants, requiring the researcher to be reflective, insightful, sensitive to language and open to new experiences (van Manen, 1997). It afforded the opportunity to explore and gain better appreciation of the researcher‟s cultural heritage, which enriched the depth of interpretation and understanding of the phenomenon. Sample The study was conducted at the Spire Cardiff Hospital, which caters specialist cancer care within Wales. Nurses and psychosocial professionals identified the potential participants who met the eligibility criteria and provided the researcher with their telephone numbers. The researcher approached identified participants during clinic visits or contacted them by telephone to introduce herself and provide a detailed explanation of the study. Ten participants will be recruited since there is a limited number of women that have undergone breast reconstruction within the specified year. A number of eight to ten sample size was appropriate for a phenomenological study (Morse, 2000; Starks Trinidad Brown, 2007) and achieved the goal of obtaining a varied, rich and deep understanding, or essence, of their lived experience (Creswell, 1998). The specific criteria for selecting the participants include women who received any type of breast reconstructive surgery due to breast cancer, who are older than 18 years of age, can speak and write English, and had no history of major mental illness, and those who have received breast reconstructive surgery from last year (2011) up to this year (2012). Purposive sampling will be used in this study. Verbal consent was obtained from those willing to participate in the study. Thereafter, an interview was scheduled at a mutually suitable time at the hospital or the participant’s home at which time written consent was obtained following review of the consent form. The consent form was written in English and describes the study and its objectives, outlines the potential risks and benefits to participants, as well as the safeguards to maintain confidentiality of data. The consent form also advises participants they may withdraw from the study at any time without compromising their clinical care. Data Collection Data collection consisted of patient demographic profiles and audio-taped face-to-face interviews which were subsequently transcribed. A semi-structured interview guide was constructed to facilitate data collection; the questions were partially derived from existing psychosocial literature on the concept of self-identity (Mathieson Stam, 1995) and modified for the purpose of this study. These questions were constructed to seek meaning and significance of a phenomenon (van Manen, 1997). The interviews were digitally audio-taped and transcribed. Each interview lasted about 1 – 1  ½ hour. In hermeneutic phenomenology, an interview serves as a vehicle to explore, gather and develop a conversation with the participants to gain an understanding of the meaning of the lived survivorship experience (van Manen, 1997). According to van Manen (1997), the art of the researcher in a hermeneutic interview is to keep open the question of the meaning of the phenomenon and as well to keep the researcher and the participant oriented to the idea of being questioned. As Gadamer (1975) states, â€Å"The art of questioning is that of being able to go on asking questions, i.e. the art of thinking† (as cited in van Manen, p.330). In keeping with the hermeneutic inquiry, the interview began with a broad question which asked each participant to describe what it was like around the time of breast cancer diagnosis. Thereafter, the researcher sat back and listened, allowing the participants to tell their story and the process to evolve. Following the hermeneutic circle of questioning, the researcher went back and forth, deconstructing and reconstructing meanings, while paying particular attention to not only what was said, but also and more importantly, to what was not said to uncover the true essence of the experience (McConnell-Henry et al., 2009a). Additionally, the researcher introduced ideas and concepts expressed from one interview to the next to validate common or varied themes. Attention was directed to whole or overall meanings, and at the same time, the whole or overall meanings were examined by its parts (van Manen, 1997). Field notes and memos were recorded immediately following each interview, with notations on the location of the interview, the participant’s home environment, as well as participant’s body language, facial expressions and emotional responses, such as tone of voice and affective changes observed during the interview. The researcher’s impressions and feelings during the interview and preliminary thoughts on emerging themes and theoretical assumptions were recorded in a reflexive journal. Nvivo 2.0 qualitative software was used for coding of the data. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, SD) were calculated for all demographic variables. Data analysis was conducted based an inductive iterative approach. In qualitative research, a transcript is necessary to achieve the research goal of capturing participants‟ reconstruction of their lived experience in their own words (Sandelowski, 1994) and to complement the level of analysis involved (Drisko, 1997). Sandelowski (1994) believes that a transcript becomes the researcher‟s raw data by preserving the interview event and which could be utilized for member checking and expert peer review. If the focus of an analysis is to provide an in-depth description of the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs or experiences of an individual, or a group of individuals, then a lengthier and more extensive text is required for the transcript. The interest of researchers goes beyond identifying patterns and salient themes; they also seek to demonstrate variations in the way a phenomenon is framed, articulated and experienced, as well as the relationships within and between particular elements of such a phenomenon (MacLean, Meyer, Estable, 2004). As the aim of this hermeneutic phenomenological research was to gain a deeper understanding of women’s feeling after breast reconstruction, every effort was made to capture not only spoken words but also the emotional content of the interviews. Transcripts were transcribed verbatim and included mispronunciations, grammatical errors, vernacular expressions, intonations, slang, and emotional sounds; these were denoted in the transcripts as [crying softly], [laughing softly] or [sounds like nervous laughter] (MacLean et al., 2004). Attention to the expression of idioms is particularly important in phenomenology as they are born out of lived experience (van Manen, 1997). To improve understanding of the content and affect of the interviews, transcripts included contextual information such as silences or pauses in conversation and background noises, as well as inaudible segments, which were documented in the transcripts as [cannot hear] or [inaudible] (MacLean et al., 2004; McLellan, MacQueen, Neidig, 2003). Interviews conducted in English were transcribed verbatim by an English-speaking transcriber, The researcher clarified and verified the English transcripts against each interview and made changes as required. For accuracy and quality control purposes, spot-checks were conducted on all transcripts and translated transcripts (McLellan et al., 2003). Preparation for data analysis begins by orienting oneself to the phenomenon (van Manen, 1997). To accomplish this, the researcher emerged herself in the data by listening to each tape purposefully and reflectively, paying attention to each participant‟s human existence. While listening, the researcher mentally re-lived the interview process; Multi-layered readings allowed a wholistic feeling of the „big picture‟ and ensured no aspects of the phenomenon were omitted. The researcher individually coded all the transcripts. During the readings, significant phrases, sentences and statements were highlighted and coded, with particular attention paid to recurrent images, repeated words, metaphors or analogies, and contradictions and transitions in the narratives (Ryan Bernard, 2003); emerging themes were categorized according to the four structures of the lifeworld. Interpretation and meanings were proposed for each statement employing words as close as possible to those voiced by the participants. Common themes were integrated into the four existential structures that describe the phenomenon , thereby generating a clear structured cognitive framework of the emergent themes; a distinction was made between incidental themes versus essential themes(van Manen, 1997). Constant comparison of the text was undertaken to identify negative cases and compare thematic patterns and commonalities that characterized the phenomenon being studied, and to explain individual variations within each interview as well as all interviews as a whole (Thorne, Kirkham, OFlynne-Magee, 2004). Phenomenological investigation entails the art of sensitivity to the subtle undertones of language; this requires the researcher to be a true listener to attune to the deep tonalities of language that normally fall out of the range of accustomed hearing (van Manen, 1997). Data Analysis 5.3.1 Thematic Analysis This study employed thematic analysis to describe and interpret the internal meaning structures of lived experience or lifeworld. In qualitative research, thematic analysis is the most common approach for data interrogation (Creswell, 1998). According to Luborsky (1993), the significant benefit of utilizing thematic analysis is its direct representation of an individual‟s point of view and descriptions of experiences, beliefs and perceptions. In phenomenology, themes, or existential themes, are viewed as the structures of experience and often described and interpreted within the structures of the four existentials of lifeworld lived space (spatiality), lived time (temporality), lived body (corporeality), and lived relation (relationality) as the means to ground human experience (van Manen, 1997). In other words, recognizing how and where the data was to be categorized thematically not only helped to integrate the themes into a structured meaning, but also provided a clear structured cognitive framework for the researcher and the reader to understand the textual data (Vis, 2005). Unlike quantitative research which seeks causal determination, prediction and statistical generalization of findings, the aim of a naturalist, constructive and interpretative inquiry is to solicit rich illumination, understanding and extrapolation from the data generated (Hoepfl, 1997; Polkinghorne, 1989). The issues of validity and reliability are just as important in qualitative studies as in quantitative research to establish truth-value; in qualitative investigations, however, validity and reliability are achieved through the concepts of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Guba Lincoln, 1985). For hermeneutical research, the multiple stages of interpretation that allow patterns to emerge, the discussion of how interpretations arise from the data, and the interpretive process itself are critical ways to ensure rigor (Koch, 1995).Rigor was further enhanced by having two English transcripts randomly selected and reviewed by the thesis supervisor (CW) and a committee member (DH). They each read the transcripts to verify coding accuracy, reviewed the extracted statements as well as the formulated meanings and themes, and provided additional interpretation of the coded data as necessary. In this study, trustworthiness was addressed through reflexivity, prolonged engagement, interdisciplinary triangulation, negative case analysis, peer debriefing/support and audit trail (Padgett, 1998). Prior to detailed discussion of the techniques employed to establish trustworthiness, I pause to acknowledge the current debate and tension regarding the appropriateness of applying quantitative terminology to establish rigor in qualitative research (Golafshani, 2003) . While prolonged engagement, triangulation and negative case analysis are acceptable techniques to establish rigor in qualitative research (Guba Lincoln, 1985), there is, however, an acknowledged need for qualitative researchers to define the meanings of these techniques within the paradigm (Babour, 1998). Therefore, interpretation of the techniques applied in this hermeneutic phenomenological research is explained. Ethical Considerations Ethics approval was sought and obtained from the Research Ethics Board to conduct the thesis research at Spire Cardiff Hospital. Administrative ethics approval was also sought and obtained from the Office of Research Ethics in Wales for thesis research. Participants who met the inclusion criteria were contacted by the researcher to introduce the study, provide written details of the investigation and obtain their consent to participate in the study. The consent form in English described the study and its objectives, the potential risks and benefits to participants, and the safeguards to maintain confidentiality of data. The consent form also advised participants that they could withdraw from the study at any time without compromising their clinical care. The risk to the participants in this study was limited to possible psychological or emotional discomfort when sharing their experiences; in such cases, the interview would be suspended and participants offered the option of continuing or terminating the interview, as well as a referral to the Spire Cardiff Hospital Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care Program for professional support. Benefits of the study are its contribution to both the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial/supportive care interventions and the knowledge-building process regarding the women’s experiences after breast reconstruction. To protect the confidentiality of participants, an identifying number was assigned to digitally recorded interviews. All patient identifying information was deleted before they were forwarded to a secured e-mail account for transcription. To ensure security, digital audio recordings were stored in the researcher’s locked office and transcribed data password protected. Participants were assured that their decision to participate, or not would in no way affect their follow up or future treatment and care at the hospital. Participants were referred to another breast site social worker for psychosocial care as appropriate. van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (2nd ed.). London, Ontario: The Althousen Press. Oiler, C. (1982). Phenomenological approach in nursing research. Nursing Research, 5, 49-63. Vis, J.-A. L. (2005). Exploring the lived experience following trauma: A hermeneutic phenomenology study. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Morse, J. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3-5. Starks, H., Trinidad Brown, S. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1327-1380. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Mathieson, C., Stam, H. J. (1995). Renegotiating identity: Cancer narratives. Sociology of Health Illness, 17(3), 283-306. McConnell-Henry, T., Chapman, Y., Francis, K. (2009a). Husserl and Heidegger: Exploring the disparity. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 15, 7-15. Sandelowski, M. (1994). Notes on Transcription. Research in Nursing Health, 17, 311-314. MacLean, L., Meyer, M., Estable, A. (2004). Improving Accuracy of Transcriptsin Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research, 14(1), 113-123. Drisko, J. W. (1997). Strengthening qualitative studies and reports: Standards to promote academic integrity. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 185-197. McLellan, E., MacQueen, K., Neidig, J. L. (2003). Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription. Field Methods, 15(1), 63-84. Ryan, G. W., Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85-109. Thorne, S., Kirkham, S. R., OFlynne-Magee, K. (2004). The analytic challenge in interpretive description. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from Http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/3_1/pdf/thorneetal/pdf Luborsky, M. R. (1993). The identification and analysis of themes and patterns. In J. Gubrium A. Sankar (Eds.), Qualitative Methods in Aging Research (pp. 189-210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hoepfl, M. (1997). Choosing qualitative research: A primer fpr technology edcuation researchers. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/jte-v9n1/JTEv9n1.pdf#page=49 Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle S. Halling (Eds.), Existential Phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. 41-60). NY: New York: Plenum Press. Guba, E., Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalisitc Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Koch, T. (1995). Interpretative approaches in nursing research: The influence of Husserl and Heidegger. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 827-836. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Padgett, D. (1998). Qualitative methods in social work research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Babour, R. S. (1998). Mixing qualitative methods: Quality assurance or qualitative quagmire? Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), 352-361. Levine, E. G., Eckhardt, J., Targ, E. (2005). Change in post-traumatic stress symptoms following psychosocial treatment for breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 618-635. Smith, M. Y., Redd, W. H., Peyser, C., Vogl, D. (1999). Post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer: A review. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 521-537. Kornblith, A. B., Herndon, J. E., Weiss, R. B., Zhang, C., Zuckerman, E. L., Rosenberg, S., et al. (2003). Long-term adjustment of survivors of early-stage breast carcinoma, 20 years after adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 98(4), 679-689.

Theory of Two Magnetically Coupled RLC Circuits

Theory of Two Magnetically Coupled RLC Circuits CHAPTER 3 In many physical situations coupling can be created between two or more oscillatory systems. For instance, two pendulum clocks which are mounted on the same wall will be coupled by the flexing of the wall as each swing. Similarly, electronic devices frequently contain several tuned circuits that may be deliberately coupled by another circuit element, or even accidentally by stray fields. In all these situations, energy can be transferred when the frequency of one or both of the oscillators will be shifted. (Anon, 2011) 3.1 Theory of two magnetically coupled RLC circuits Two inductively coupled RLC circuits are shown below (Figure 1). Two resonant frequencies are obtained owing to the fact that there are two circuits. The separation of the two frequencies depends on the value of the mutual inductance M, defined as the ratio of the voltage in the secondary to the rate of change of primary current with time. It has a reactance at the operating frequency. (Arkadi, 2004) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law equations for both the primary and secondary loops yield (it is assumed here that ) These equations can be written in the matrix form as follows: where, and Following Cramer’s rule, where Thus, the solution from which the frequency response can be obtained is Resonance occurs at the two frequencies given by the following equations: The behavior of the circuit can qualitatively be understood on the basis of the reflected impedance (or coupled impedance). An inductively coupled circuit is said to reflect impedance in the secondary into the primary circuit. For a further explanation, the coupled circuits shown in Fig 2, is considered. The positive direction of the currents is chosen into the polarity mark on the generator representing the induced voltages, so that Kirchhoffs equations are is the mutual impedance , includes the source impedance and the secondary load. These equations may be solved for the equivalent primary impedance The reflected impedance is then A resistance is reflected as a resistance, whereas a capacitance is reflected as an inductance , and an inductance reflected as a capacitance . At resonance condition, the reflected impedance is resistive, and therefore acts to lower the Q-factor of the primary, and thereby reducing the output. This is however counteracted by an increase in coupling, which increases the output. The lower Q-factor gives a wider bandwidth. At lower frequencies than exact resonance, the reflected impedance is said to be inductive, which contributes to the inductance of the primary and consequently resonates at a lower frequency, producing a peak in the output. At higher frequencies than exact resonance, the reflected impedance is said to be capacitive, which cancels part of the inductance and eventually causes the circuit to resonate at a higher frequency, producing the second peak. (Arkadi, 2004) 3.2 Theory of couplings between two resonators The operation of resonators is very similar to that of the lumped-element resonators (series and RLC resonant circuits). Generally, two eigen frequencies can be obtained in association with the coupling between two coupled resonators, despite whether ther are synchronously or asynchronously tuned. The coupling coefficient , can therefore be extracted from these two frequencies, which can be obtained using eqn () and eqn (). However, these two frequencies can also be easily and directly identified in experiments without doing any calculations. According to (Hong, 2004), the formula for the computation of the coupling coefficient for synchronously tuned resonators does not yield the appropriate results when used to compute the coupling coefficient of asynchronously tuned resonators. Therefore it is of fundamental importance to present comprehensive treatment and derive a proper formulation to extract the coupling coefficient for asynchronously tuned resonators. In general, for different structure resonator (Figure ), the coupling coefficient may have different self-resonant frequencies. It may be defined on the basis of a ratio of coupled energy to stored energy, that is, Electric coupling magnetic coupling where all fields are determined at resonance. The volume integrals are over entire regions with permittivity of Æ  and permeability of ÃŽ ¼. However the direct evaluation of from eqn. would require a complete knowledge of the field distributions and would need to perform space integral. This would certainly not be an easy piece of work unless analytical solutions of the fields exist. However, Hong et al. (2004) found that there exists a relation between the coupling coefficient and resonant frequencies of the resonators which eases our task in computing the coupling coefficient.The coupling is due to both electric and magnetic effects. It is therefore essential to formulate expressions for each type of coupling separately. 3.3 Formulation for coupling coefficients 3.3.1 Electric coupling For electric coupling alone, an equivalent lumped-element circuit (Figure ) is designed to represent the coupled resonators. The two resonators resonate at frequencies and . They are coupled to each other through mutual capacitance . For natural resonance to occur, the condition is (as mentioned previously in 2.2.3). The resonant condition leads to an eigen equation After some manipulations eqn () reduces to This equation has four eigenvalues or solutions. However, out of the four, only the two positive real solutions are of interest to us. This is because they represent the resonant frequencies which are identifiable, namely A new parameter is defined, where it is assumed that . Substituting and in eqn (), Defining the electric coupling coefficient, according to the ratio of the coupled electric energy to the average stored energy. 3.3.2 Magnetic coupling A lumped-element circuit model like Figure is used to show the magnetic coupling through mutual inductance, of asynchronously tuned resonators. and are the two resonant frequencies of the uncoupled resonators. For natural resonance to occur, the condition is, . This leads to After expanding, Like in 3.3.1, this equation has four solutions, of which only the two positive real ones are of interest to us, We define a parameter, Assuming , and recalling and , substitute in eqn () Defining the magnetic coupling coefficient as the ratio of the coupled magnetic energy to the average stored energy, 3.3.3 Mixed coupling There is a mixture of both electric and magnetic coupling in the case of the experiments that will be performed in this project. Therefore to derive the coupling coefficient of the two resonators, we may have a circuit model as shown in Fig. Fig. The electric coupling is represented by an admittance inverter with while the magnetic coupling is represented by an impedance inverter with . Based on the circuit model of Fig. , and assuming all internal currents flow outward each node, a definite nodal admittance matrix can be define with a reference at node ‘0’ with For natural resonance, it implies that This requires that the determinant of admittance matrix to be zero, that is, After some manipulations, we can arrive at This biquadratic equation is the eigen-equation for an asynchronously tuned coupled resonator circuit with the mixed coupling. Letting either or in eqn. reduces the equation to either coupling, which is what should be expected. There are four solutions of eqn. However, only the two positive ones are of interest, and they may be expressed as with Define For narrow-band applications we can assume that and the latter actually represents a ration of an arithmetic mean to a geometric mean of two resonant frequencies. Thus we have in which Now, it is clear that is nothing else but the mixed coupling coefficient defined as The derived formula for extracting the coupling coefficients of any two asynchronously resonators can thus be formulated as This formula can also be used in computing the coupling coefficient of two synchronously tuned resonators, and in that case it reduces to We will demonstrate the application of the derived formulation in this project through the construction of two identical coupled spiral coil resonators and identify their respective resonant frequencies as well as determining the mixed coupling between them through the use of capacitors added to them.

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Proves Students Need Schools of Their Own :: Room of Ones Own Essays

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Proves Students Need Schools of Their Own According to the Children’s Defense Fund, in 1989 an average of 1,375 children dropped out of school every day. As a future educator, my reaction to this figure is one of horror and disbelief. Once I get past the shock of such a figure and the obligatory rhetorical questions: How could we let this happen?, I become an investigator. I begin to look for patterns in the profiles of students who have failed. I consider the curriculum these students ingest and how it is fed to them. I try to understand what circumstances result in the forsaking of 1,375 students per day. As a nation, we have established institutions of learning that cater to the needs of some. Our schools allow a select handful of students to succeed. Certain segments of our population appear to be at greater risk than others. The future does not bode well for young black and Latino men and women who do not make it through high school. According to Duane Campbell, author of Choosing Democracy, the unemployment rate for Latino men and women is substantially higher than the national average and an African American child is as likely to go to prison as to college (15). According to the Economic Policy Institute, in 1991 43% of African American children and 35% of Latino children were living in poverty. It is not surprising that a vast number of the 501,875 annual school drop-outs come from impoverished black and Latino families. Of course it is not only blacks and Latinos who are lost in the educational shuffle. There are hordes of students who simply do not fit into the traditional public school paradigm. Whether this poor fit is the result of an unorthodox learning style, an emotional disability or a need for a higher level of teacher involvement, these students are often failed. Such students may stay in school, but they receive a sub-standard education. Virginia Woolf, in her essay "A Room of One’s Own" makes a strong case for schools which cater to the needs of students who are failed by our existing system. I did not see the connection between "A Room of One’s Own" and education upon my first reading of the essay, as a matter of fact the idea came to me as I read Woolf’s essay "The Common Reader.

Merchant Of Venice Answers

Granting says it is time for them to laugh again and that Antonio should not SE his depressed state of mind to show people he is full of wisdom. He says it is better to behave like a fool than to be serious and pretend to be wise. 5. He compares the world with a Stage where everyone has a purpose or part to play. 6. He is trying to win the lady Portrait's heart by being on an equal standing with her other suitors. He's lifestyle is expensive and he tries to impress everyone with his wealth. 7. From Antonio. 8. He assures him that his money and all he has is available to Bastion.He will help him any way he can – as long as the cause is honest. 9. He wants to end more money from Antonio so that he can win the Lady Portrait's heart (and money) to pay off his debts. 10. He needs the money to compete with Portrait's other suitors and to travel to Belmont, Portrait's home. He thus needs it to buy presents for Portia to impress her. 1 1 . And she is also beautiful and good 12. By bor rowing money, he pretends to be rich, and we know he is not, in fact he is in great debt. He pretends to be interested in Portia – but we can assume he is after her money. 3. No, he is still depressed. He makes true on his promises. He does not pretend to be happy – and he does not hide his linings towards Shylock. 14. From Shylock, a Jewish moneylender who lends money with interest. 5 February The Merchant Of Venice: Act 1, Scene 2 1. Inertias. 2. Inertias says that if you have a lot of money, it makes you quicker than when you have just enough to live on. Portia has never worked and thus not know what it is like to suffer. 3. Portia believes it is good to follow proper advice for the heart is sometimes ruled by emotions. 4.Portrait's father said in his will that the man who wants to marry her must choose one of three caskets. The right one shall have a picture of Portia in it. 5. She refused them cause of her father's will and the fact that she did not like them. 6. Yes, she does. 7. The caskets that is made out of lead, because her father wants a husband for her who doesn't want her for her money, but who really loves her for who she is. 9 February The Merchant Of Venice: Act 1, Scene 3 1 . Shylock means that Antonio is a good man because he is wealthy and it is safe risk to take to give him the money.He always pays his debts. 2. It is shown in Schlock's declaration that he will not eat or dine with them because they might give him pork to eat. 3. Antonio lends money to people without interest, which shows he is a giving, generous, caring and honest man. 4. Own answer -? must be well motivated. (Remember, during the Elizabethan times, it was acceptable. ) 5. Shylock hates Antonio because, 6. He is a Christian, 7. Antonio has openly criticized Schlock's usury because Antonio does not ask it, 8. He has spit on Shylock and treated him like a mongrel's dog. 9.He repeats the terms and conditions of the loan several times. He pretends to have no mon ey (he would borrow it from Tuba) and he greets him too politely. 10. Appearance vs.. Reality, Money lending vs.. Friendship, Mercy vs.. Justice. Love vs.. Friendship, Comedy vs.. Tragedy, Materialism vs.. Spiritualism. 11. He will lend three thousand ducats to Antonio for three months, and if he cannot repay it, Shylock will take a piece of flesh from Notation's body any. Veer he wants to. 12. Bastion does not like the terms at all. It reveals that he truthfully cares more about his friend than the money. 13.Antonio is sure his merchant ships will be in Venice a full month before the end of the contract and it will be worth 9 times the value of the loan. 14. No, he feels a fair bargain from a sly person is worse than an unfair deal from an honest person. He feels Shylock is a villain and not able to be â€Å"fair†. May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 1 1 . They are living under the same sun thus they are both used to a life of luxury. 2. She cannot say that she likes or dislikes it – she is not influenced by her eyes prejudice. 3. She tells us that she places the Prince of Morocco on an equal footing with her other suitors.From the previous act, we know she does not think very highly of them either. This supports the theme of Prejudice. 4. It could make him a man blessed (with a beautiful wife and money) or ill fated. Thus, he dislikes the idea of having fate decide his future. 5. He makes him swear never to marry. May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 2 1. He compares him to the devil himself. 2. Bastion is a kind master and a Christian but Shylock ill-treats him. Bassoon's servants wear beautiful uniforms. 3. Old Gobo treats his son with respect and dignity (â€Å"young master') but Shylock mistreats him.Gobo wants to help his son to a better work, and he forgives his son for playing tricks on him. 4. Lancelot says that Bastion is full of mercy and kindness -? unlike Shylock. Bastion is not there for the money. 5. No, it is very unlik e him. We can forgive him for his rude behavior because that is what makes him unique and his friends do not mind his faults. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 3 1 . Lancelot was the comic relief to her miserable life. 2. With Lorenz. 3. It is surprising because Lorenz is a Christian and Jessica is a Jew – usually these two religions do not agree.Lorenz is a friend of Notation's and Shylock will thus never approve of their love. It was totally unheard of. 4. She loves him – he is her father – but she does not like his behavior or methods. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 4 1. She will disguise herself as a boy. 2. She will bring some money – in this case, some of her fathers gold and eels. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 5 1 . He thinks they want to flatter him because of his wealthy and to thank him for the three thousand ducats. 2. He wants to use the opportunity to secretly scorn and mock the Christians' manners.He wants t o watch in hatred as Bastion wastes the money. 3. We know now that he is only interested in himself, that his daughter is nothing more than a commodity and he is fine with treating his servants badly. He is stingy, materialistic, mean, dull, too serious and filled with hate. 4. Shakespeare wants to show that, if both parties agree, Christians and Jews can get long quite nicely. He tried to bridge the racial prejudice by making a Jew and a Christian fall in love – love can overcome hatred and religious differences. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 6 1 .He loves her too much and she is wise, fair and trustworthy. 2. Bastion and is on his way to Belmont with a ship and the wind is now favorable for him to set sail immediately. 3. He wants to see Inertias, his love interest. 4. His first concern is the money – he might be infatuated with Portia, but it is not clear yet. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 7 1. 1)†Who choosiest me, shall gain what man y men desire†. )†Who choosiest me, shall get as much as he deserves†. 3) â€Å"Who choosiest me, must give and hazard all he hath†. 2. A picture of Portia. . 1) He does not want to take a risk with lead – it is worthless and it will be foolish. He does not want to risk everything without gaining something in the process. 2) It says the one who chooses it, will get what he deserves – and he knows he deserves Portrait's hand in marriage because he has a beautiful complexion, good manners and he is a good lover. He does not choose it, because he feels its worth will not be enough include Portia. 3) He feels hat he deserve more than just a casket – wants the casket that is worthy of Portia herself.Gold is more worthy than silver and Portia is worth more than any other woman. 4. He did not choose the right one and he was leaving immediately. 22 July The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 8 2. 3. 4. He is angry because she went with a Christian and she took some of his jewels and money. He is also upset because he has lost a daughter. Own answer – it is difficult to say, maybe it was a double blow to him? Shylock might change the terms of their agreement – and if Antonio cannot repay the money, Shylock might not show him any mercy. He might just now claim â€Å"the pound of flesh† immediately.

buy custom The Western Civilization essay

buy custom The Western Civilization essay Based on a faith to progress and expand global trade, 18th century was dominated by a philosophical movement that made use of reason to devalue the previous use of accepted doctrines and tradition. The movement was marked by rapid advances in European scientific, mathematic, philosophy and political thoughts. These massive changes of the 18th century shed light to the coming of a technological age and artistic advance. The movement ushered in the discovery age when there was massive rise of the global, European Empires. This was the enlightenment and the scientific revolution that has highly helped shape the modern world. There were factors that led to the occurrence of the massive changes in the 18th century. Spread of knowledge, ideas and information in scientific fields was a key to the revolution. New learned society emerged from the work of science. The new societies had scientists who had journals that enabled them to share ideas. Societies had the urge to get learned in order. The new societies appeared in Italy, France and England. They valued scientific research and committees were created to oversee the technological improvements for the industry. Scientific journals led to cooperation and educated the public who had an interest in the new science. The new science offered new techniques of exploiting resources with an aim of increasing average profit. Through scientific revolution, most followed traditions and doctrines were devalued. Contributions from individuals, sharing of ideas through scientific journals, and building on the other scientists efforts led to the emergence of the new scie nce and its basic principles. In the 18th century, there were innovations in art, music and literature. Opera and classical music rose during this period. The stories of the past centuries and the medieval romances contributed to the development of novel. Philosophers took the responsibilities of writing history, and they devalued claims of Gods role in history. The innovations resulted in a high culture of an artistic world dominated by educated and wealthy people. Increased food production was another factor that resulted to the massive changes. The target was to secure more farmland, increase the lands yield, healthy and more livestock and a favorable climate. Abandoning old open field system led to the increase in the amount of land being utilized. Lrger number of animals was maintained since the utilized lands provided winter fodder for the animals. Animals provided manure for fertilizing fields to produce higher yields. Meat from the numerous livestock increased in the diet of European. English led in the e fforts of adopting new techniques during the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century. There was a need for credit expansion in the 18th century that fostered the establishment of banks. This was also contributed to the low amount of gold and silver supply from the 17th century. Banking offered paper currencies, allowed people to invest in colonial trading companies and offered loans at low interest rates. There was a need to embrace industrial revolution to exhibit growth in average income and population. Since most people were involved in agriculture in the past years, the average income and the population was limited by famine, weather, war and diseases. As a result to the changes and industrialization revolution, sanitation improved, canals and roads were built in Western Europe. Food transport improved, and it resulted to a population growth. The changes were fueled by a need to inflate profits and explode the population. High population provided labor in the textile industry. Britain and France produced and exported cloth. Machines were used in the industries dur ing the second half of the century. Need for reforms in politics led to a revolution from traditional forms of governments to a system that are evident even today. In French revolution, there was a push for voting by head where each delegate was entitled one vote. A new constitution governing the colony was drafted. To mark a triumph of liberty, there were attacks and capturing of royal armories. Political revolution resulted in a national convention composed of lawyers, professionals and those who owned properties. Big numbers of the deputies were people whose age were on average forty-five and included a handful of artisans. Due to the distrust to the king and his activities, the convention urged for the abolishment of the monarchy and establishment of a republic. Revolutionary army of unprecedented size was created that would function to protect the created republic from foreign enemies. Central government appointed committee that worked as agents to educate the republic on the war emergency measures. The new formed government also provided economic controls by establiishing a system of food price control and cloth supplies. The massive changes and revolutions resulted in the growth of nations and technology to a size that made countries try and take over other peoples countries. Conflicts erupted from the expansion of European Empire which resulted in the drawing up of borders as well as falling of some empires. The succession within the empire resulted to the division of the colonies, and this altered the European balance of power. Republicans attacked the kings monarchy due to mistrust in his activities. The colonies used the empires to improve their economic status as well as promote mercantilism. Rivalries in trade developed among the European powers and this caused strain. The greater empires had a conflict over fishing rights as well as a fur trade. The powers developed differences in the 18th century that led to the emergence of wars. An example is the Great Northern War. Revolutions led to the expansion of empires that later caused conflicts. The conflicts, which were as, a result of political problems, religious, demographic and economic crisis saw a wide spread fall in politics, economics and society. There was also some general crisis resulting from intellectual and religious changes. Several European powers fought in the War for Spanish succession. The wars and conflicts proved some empires to be greater than others. An example is the Great Northern War that saw the establishment of Russia as a greater power in Europe. French monarchy received criticism and lost its privileged status as the Third Estate marched towards liberty, equality and fraternity. This ultimately led to the rise of Napoleon who was a representative of the first military dictatorship. American and French revolutions were related. Both the colonies had a struggle against monarchial and aristocratic powers. This resulted in the creation of the greatest possible freedom. Despite both the revolutionary wars being relatively small, those conflicts and wars caused heavy economic losses in the colonies. The war strained the colonies, but they withstood the challenge. The revolutions resulted in a creation of newly independent United States while French revolution resulted in the overthrow of its monarchial government. This greatly impressed the people because of the ideal of freedom and democracy they experienced after the revolutions. Buy custom The Western Civilization essay

The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate †Economics Essay

The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate Economics Essay The appreciation of a exchange rate can send mixed feelings and mixed signals. It is important you read those signals adequately. An appreciating exchange rate has numerous affects in the economy. Its appreciating sends ripples through the economy. The exchange affects the amount of a commodity we buy .It also has an impact on what type of commodity we buy. Yet purchases are not the only thing affected. The selling of our commodities and merchandise is affected as much if not more. When our exchange rate appreciates it means that our dollar is appreciating. This has its ups and downs. Often nations will fix their exchange to get what they think is the biggest advantage. Fortunately Australia has a free exchange rate which means that it is not controlled. The appreciation of our dollar affects things such as the following. Imports are less expensive Exports drop due to their price CAD will rise because of more demand of imports Foreign investment will fall due to contraction in export and domestic competing markets. When our exchange rate appreciates it will cause our exports to fall. The reason for this is because our dollar is now stronger which means our international buyers find it dearer to buy from us. They have to pay us in Australian dollar but because our dollar is stronger it is too expensive for them to buy from us. One of the winners in the appreciating of our exchange rate is imports. As our dollar appreciates and gets stronger it will mean that our buying power will increase on the international market. The way it works, take for example of a buyer from Australia buying coffee from Argentina. Previously he could buy two bags for a dollar now that our dollar is stronger we can buy more of their currencies which means he can now buy three bags of coffee. Now you might think this is a good thing but there are always two sides to every tale. Now that our dollar is stronger the domestic market can purchase imports comparatively cheaper than before. This means an increase in things like luxury items. This is where the problems start. The moment the private sector start buying imported goods and luxury items it increases our international debt and our CAD. This is not the only problem say for example both Australia and Japan both make shoes. Now that our dollar is stronger it means that it is cheaper for us to buy the shoes made in Japan rather than the local shoes. This causes a couple of problems. Firstly it means that our money and incomes are flowing out of the country and secondly because we are know buying shoes from overseas our local industries suffer which then creates unemployment. Another industry and sector of the public that will find the appreciation of the exchange rate good is the people that travel overseas. The reason for this is that if the dollar appreciates they will lose less or might not lose anything when converting their currencies. Things that they buy overseas will also be cheaper for them than previously. One of the main groups that will prosper form the appreciation of the dollar is the debtors. Companies that have huge foreign debt will prosper while the dollar is strong. The reason for this is that if the dollar gets stronger we can payback more of the debt because we can buy more of the local currency than before the appreciation. Yet one thing that is sure to hurt Australia if the exchange rate appreciates is the decline in overseas tourists. If our dollar gets to strong it will be very expensive for tourists to come and visit our nation. The cost of it would deter many tourists. The main problem for them would be when they have to convert their currency into ours they would lose a sufficient amount. This is hard to imagine yet countries in Europe experienced this problem when they joined the Euro because it became very expensive for tourists. Research Papers on The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate - Economics EssayDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Criminal Justice Trends Outline Example

Criminal Justice Trends Outline Example Criminal Justice Trends Outline – Coursework Example Trends in Criminal Justice This paper will evaluate trends in criminal justice, and its connection with the society. I will particularly evaluate recent, past, and future trends and contemporary issues that are affecting the criminal justice system. The value of criminal justice system in the changing society is also another issue I will discuss. Today’s society puts a lot of reliance on policing in the community. This is because people want to be safe and the police ensure that this happens. However, in the past people used to feel safer than today. Past trends include how police ensured safety of the society. Police ensured safety by walking around the streets, and getting in touch with people. This ensured that the police officers and the people had a relationship that could be described as good since they could easily know one another’s names. This however did not last long as technology advanced police officers did not feel the urge to have a close relationship wit h people they patrolled (Muraskin & Albert, 117).Present trends: There is much advancement in criminal justice system in the present day. This has been greatly affected by the advancement in technology. These advancements has ensured that the police can patrol the streets easily. However, this ended up destroying the relationship that police officers had with the people. Future Trends: the future will see more advancement in technology and therefore it will be easier for the justice system to carry out their duties. This will see more people appreciating the work of police officers in the society. Conclusion: The justice system value has in the past been questioned since more and more people feel that the police officers are no longer in touch with people. However, this may change in future and more people might change their attitude towards this essential system. The value of justice system remains essential and all that is required are people’s sentiments towards the same. ReferenceMuraskin, R, & Albert, R. (2009). Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Everydy Low pricing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Everydy Low pricing - Assignment Example 2. What could your local supermarket do other than offer low prices or price discounts to win your business (delight you) and still maintain a high profit margin? As suggested, other than offering everyday low prices, one’s local supermarket could offer some slow moving products on major price-off sale (from 20 to 50% off) or provide discounts to frequent buyers (maybe through accumulating points which could be redeemed as cash on the next shopping). These strategies would ensure that slow moving products could be purchased and the points system would not entail costs to the supermarket which could lessen their profits. 3. What advantages and disadvantages do you see for manufacturers to offer everyday low purchase prices to retailers? Are manufacturers and retailers pushing price so much that theyre in danger of lowering profits? Is this especially true on the Internet? Why is price competition so common? The advantages of offering everyday low purchase prices to retailers by manufacturers include selecting them as sources of products in volume, as against competitors not offering low prices. The disadvantages include potentially lower profit potentials if the volumes of needed sales are not met. One believes that manufacturers and retailers make the necessary computations in volume-price effect of pushing price to achieve a target profit; otherwise, they would not offer this pricing strategy. This fact is applicable in any organizational setting and in various medium, including the internet. Price competition is so common because consumers are becoming price conscious and opts to purchase products that are perceived to be the cheapest but provides the value needed by the

Civil Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Rights - Essay Example (King, 1963) Blacks in America suffered from slavery during the early days of the Colonial period until the Civil War, but in many areas racist statutes known as â€Å"Jim Crow Laws† prevented blacks from voting or enjoying other basic rights of society until Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led his movement for change. (King, 1963) In leading blacks to full political inclusion and equality, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. built a path of civil disobedience based in the philosophies of Henry David Thoreau, Mahatma Gandhi, and deep Christian understanding that focused on securing social justice through legislative change. This included removing â€Å"Jim Crow† laws from the books and passing new legislation nationally such as the Voting Rights Act of 1968 and Civil Rights Act of 1964 that officially guaranteed the human rights of African-Americans. (Infoplease, 2007) Dr. Martin Luther King was a Southern Baptist minister whose community included poor African-American families who h ad suffered the legacy racism and repression of Jim Crow laws, segregation in restaurants, hotels, schools, and other public facilities as part of an American â€Å"apartheid† doctrine similar to that in South Africa historically. Nelson Mandela and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Brief a case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Brief a case - Essay Example The appellant offered to take her to where she was going. She did not accept the offer and continued walking. She then saw the victim standing next to his van. The appellant took the victim by the neck at gun point in an attempt to get her into his van against her will. However, the victim was able to free herself and ran home, where she telephoned the police. Legal Reasoning: Pursuant to Florida Statute Section 90.803(2) (2001), an excited utterance is an exception to the rule against hearsay when the statement/excited utterance relates to a â€Å"startling event or condition† and is made while the maker of the statement/excited utterance â€Å"is under duress† (Bell v State, 2003). An excited utterance is made when the event causing excitement is â€Å"startling enough to cause excitement† (Bell v State, 2003). The statement is required to have been made â€Å"before there was time to contrive or misrepresent† (Bell v State, 2003). The statement must also be made when the speaker is â€Å"under the stress of excitement caused by the event† (Bell v State, 2003). In order to be an excited utterance, it is not necessary for the statement be made in a manner contemporaneous to the event causing excitement. All that is necessary for establishing an excited utterance is that the speaker is excited when the s tatement is made. Pursuant to Section 90.803(2) an excited state of mind may persist for a while following the event. It is for the court to determine whether or not the statement was made in an excited state. In determining whether or not the speaker made the statement in an excited state of mind the court may consider the speaker’s age, mental and physical conditions, the event itself and the contents of the statement. According to the responding officer’s evidence, the victim was clearly hysterical and scared when he arrived at her home. She was too

Sexuality and identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexuality and identity - Essay Example There is need to provide them with useful learning materials, services and the opportunity to feel part of the society. The lack of appropriate sex education in Jake’s past life is the main undoing of the education system that he has gone through. By contrast the presence of only heterosexual lessons which attempt to address the needs of the community has resulted in gay people like Jake being labelled as ‘abnormal’. As Hoshall (2013) has argued, the procrastination to include sex education for the gay community (the absence) has triggered the ‘presence’ of labels, hatred and relegation of the likes of Jake as semi-human in society. Proponents of sex education argue that the incorporation of gay issues into such programs would limit homophobic intimidation, improve the welfare of gay community, and limit cases of seclusion that affect gay students (Williams, Prior and Wegner, 2013). Jake’s relegation from the social spheres of life, which is to blame for loss of self-confidence would have been resolved through tolerance programs for gays at school (Yip et al, 2013). Nonetheless, his suffering could have been the result of the ‘superiority’ of heterosexuals and sex education programs for the community as opposed to gays. According to Byrd (2011), the ‘weird’ programs for gays may have been shelved to avoid a political perception on learners that could deviate their thinking from supposedly moral ways of life. Gay sex education is as of now not included in many learning programs. This situation has cast Jake in bad light. Studies have also indicated that affected students usually do not find current sex education programs for gays to be appropriate (Woodford et al, 2012). Jake is one such case; he has pointed out that the whole learning environment including instructors, fellow students, and the immediate community have had conflicting perceptions on the

Managing through information (finance exam) Essay

Managing through information (finance exam) - Essay Example However, the major point of concern is the Gearing Ratio, which has dramatically increased from 0% to 36.1446% in a year due to the long-term loan, this increases the risk of investment, and in addition the Dividend Payout Ratio has also decreased from 40% to 21.28%, which is a bad signal for the shareholders. In 2008 no interest had to be paid, but in 2009 interest also needs to be paid from the reserves, thereby reducing reinvestment into the company. Johnsons Ltd. should focus upon clearing the debt as early as possible, and clarify to the investors that it is for the betterment of the company. Furthermore, it should try to reduce the gearing ratio by increasing ordinary shares, either through new issuance or issue of bonus shares. Financial ratios aid in analyzing, controlling and improving the performance of a company, it also helps in attaining loans from banks, it can provide sufficient information to analyze the liquidity and performance of the firm, and points out the areas requiring improvement. However, ratios have certain limitations as well, for larger companies it is difficult to make comparative analysis as it becomes extremely complicated, firms set their targets at average instead of following market leaders, hampering the efficiency of the company. The major drawback of ratio analysis is that it does not account for inflation and therefore can mislead the managers. Apart from inflation, seasonal variations can create distortions in the results as well, furthermore many valuations used in the ratios such as depreciations, inventory, bad debts etc are approximates and can thus affect the end result. The user of these ratios must know how to differentiate between wrong results and should be capable of adjusting to various situations (Besley and Brigham, 2008, 68). It is obvious from the calculations that none of the three proposals is good, since they give fewer profits than the current system, Proposal A

Strategic Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management 2 - Essay Example In this regard, effective strategic leadership has become an extremely important factor for companies for attaining competitive advantage (Pettigrew, 2012). A lot of factors can initiate the process of internationalisation of firms during the period of globalisation. These factors can either be traditional factors that include objectives like, resource and market seeking or emerging objectives like, attaining economies of scale and competitive positioning (Sminia and De Rond, 2012). This essay discusses the case of British Petroleum, a London-based oil and natural gas company and evaluates various aspects of strategic management of the company so as to identify the competitive advantage and elaborate on leadership of the company. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the organisation’s current competitive advantages based on resource and capabilities view and dynamic possibilities. The international expansion of the company and its strategies in doing so has also been described. Leadership issues of the organisation during the period of international expansion have also been discussed in the final section. British Petroleum is one of the largest oil and natural gas companies of the world. The company has its headquarters in London and was incorporated on 1909. The BP group of companies works under BP Plc. The basic business model of British Petroleum comprises two main parts (BP plc, 2011). The first part is exploring and locating the natural gas and oils; and the second part is extraction of hydrocarbons making them commercially available. The company has a wide business model, which encompasses extraction, production and retail services of petrochemical products around the world. The petrochemical products produced by the company are used in production of a wide range of products, which are used in everyday life (BP plc, 2013). The exploration and production departments

Sexuality and identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexuality and identity - Essay Example There is need to provide them with useful learning materials, services and the opportunity to feel part of the society. The lack of appropriate sex education in Jake’s past life is the main undoing of the education system that he has gone through. By contrast the presence of only heterosexual lessons which attempt to address the needs of the community has resulted in gay people like Jake being labelled as ‘abnormal’. As Hoshall (2013) has argued, the procrastination to include sex education for the gay community (the absence) has triggered the ‘presence’ of labels, hatred and relegation of the likes of Jake as semi-human in society. Proponents of sex education argue that the incorporation of gay issues into such programs would limit homophobic intimidation, improve the welfare of gay community, and limit cases of seclusion that affect gay students (Williams, Prior and Wegner, 2013). Jake’s relegation from the social spheres of life, which is to blame for loss of self-confidence would have been resolved through tolerance programs for gays at school (Yip et al, 2013). Nonetheless, his suffering could have been the result of the ‘superiority’ of heterosexuals and sex education programs for the community as opposed to gays. According to Byrd (2011), the ‘weird’ programs for gays may have been shelved to avoid a political perception on learners that could deviate their thinking from supposedly moral ways of life. Gay sex education is as of now not included in many learning programs. This situation has cast Jake in bad light. Studies have also indicated that affected students usually do not find current sex education programs for gays to be appropriate (Woodford et al, 2012). Jake is one such case; he has pointed out that the whole learning environment including instructors, fellow students, and the immediate community have had conflicting perceptions on the

Strategic Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management 2 - Essay Example In this regard, effective strategic leadership has become an extremely important factor for companies for attaining competitive advantage (Pettigrew, 2012). A lot of factors can initiate the process of internationalisation of firms during the period of globalisation. These factors can either be traditional factors that include objectives like, resource and market seeking or emerging objectives like, attaining economies of scale and competitive positioning (Sminia and De Rond, 2012). This essay discusses the case of British Petroleum, a London-based oil and natural gas company and evaluates various aspects of strategic management of the company so as to identify the competitive advantage and elaborate on leadership of the company. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the organisation’s current competitive advantages based on resource and capabilities view and dynamic possibilities. The international expansion of the company and its strategies in doing so has also been described. Leadership issues of the organisation during the period of international expansion have also been discussed in the final section. British Petroleum is one of the largest oil and natural gas companies of the world. The company has its headquarters in London and was incorporated on 1909. The BP group of companies works under BP Plc. The basic business model of British Petroleum comprises two main parts (BP plc, 2011). The first part is exploring and locating the natural gas and oils; and the second part is extraction of hydrocarbons making them commercially available. The company has a wide business model, which encompasses extraction, production and retail services of petrochemical products around the world. The petrochemical products produced by the company are used in production of a wide range of products, which are used in everyday life (BP plc, 2013). The exploration and production departments

Children and adults Essay Example for Free

Children and adults Essay The Effective Early Learning Project based at Worcester University highlights two ways in which adults can help children progress; The first is the way the adult encourages the child to be autonomous, to get on and try new things; The second, is the way the adult offers experiences which are stimulating, challenging and interesting. Adults need to be a supporting factor when the child is in a risky environment. Children and adults alike enjoy climbing trees; adults know when they are too high as do children. This is a whole other debate in terms of nature or nurture debate. This is where we could explore the idea of children learning to be safe when risk taking or is it already there. Stephenson (2003) wrote about a child on a swing, Swinging was very popular with these younger children, but more often than the older children their reactions indicated that they felt unsafe and wanted the swing slowed down. Therefore the child has taken the risk, has agreed a boundary, enjoyed the activity and acknowledged the safety aspect. The adult was there to ensure the safety and also make the activity a positive one by being readily available. Children must face all different kinds of risks in order to support their development and learning. Stine (1997) wrote that to support their learning and development is a complex issue. There always has to be provision for a physical challenge. More and more educational settings are using outdoor play/activity to challenge the children. Although, what is an acceptable risk to one person, may be completely the opposite of another. Bruce and Meggitt (2002) write that outdoor space needs to be available most of the time; They continue that, safety is the only consideration for keeping children in doors. Children can feel safe in risk taking environments and activities in many ways. Initially the adult to child ratio, with a high number of adults children can be supported and helped to achieve. Secondly by minimising, if possible, the risk aspect. This could be ensuring the activity is a positive and acceptable environment. Thirdly by giving the children all the opportunities available for physical risk taking, children need a stimulating and challenging environment. And finally, a well maintained balance between the childs safety and the challenge of the activity. In an educational setting, an adult carer will go to the risk area and carry out an assessment. They will check the route to be taken, dangers in the area and also any area that poses extreme concern. An adult carer should also think about the child to adult ratio. A local nursery allows children to climb trees. Due to the child to adult ratio, the nursery feels that the level of risk posed can be curtailed by having by having the children supervised and supported through the activity by adults. The children are therefore enjoying the activity of risk taking, as well as feeling safe in knowing an adult is available to help at any time. Another factor that the adult carer should be aware of is the idea of making a childs environment completely hazard free. Therefore taking away any risk or danger. Walsh (1993) thought that children in an environment that is completely safe could become bored and this could lead to self initiated risk taking that could be dangerous. Durberry (2001) felt that children who grow up in an ultra safe environment would lack confidence in their own physical ability. This would be due to the poor opportunities for the children to build and extend upon their exiting knowledge. He continued that children had to be both confident and competent physically in order to feel competent emotionally. The ideals on risk taking vary from culture to culture. Although the main aim remains the same. The child needs to remain safe, but feel they are being challenged and stimulated. To minimise hazards there needs to be a high adult to child ratio. Children need opportunities to explore and do so independently. Over the last decade, the childs freedom of choice has been limited. Adult carers are sometimes over anxious about letting the child experiment with risk taking. The procedures and guidelines that are in place give the adult carer a frame work on which to base their activities upon. The adult carer should exploit and become fluent in the procedures and guidelines in place. This in turn will provide groundwork for safe risk taking. Bibliography Smith, P., Cowie, H. Blades, M. (2003) Understanding Childrens Development, London: Blackwell Publishing.  Bruce, T. Meggitt, C. (2002) Childcare Education, London: Hodder Stoughton.  DfEE (2003) Early Years (Volume 23, Number 1), London: Taylor Francis

Development of Hospitality Housekeeping Technology

Development of Hospitality Housekeeping Technology Chapter-1 Introduction Housekeeping: Housekeeping refers to the management of duties and chores concerned within the running of a social unit. its conjointly wont to talk to the money allotted for such use. By extension, associate degree workplace or organization, moreover because the maintenance of storage device systems. A housekeeper is a person used to manage a social unit, and therefore the domestic employees. in step with Mrs Beetons Book of social unit Management, the house servant is second in command within the house and except in massive institutions, wherever theres a house steward, the house servant should think about herself because the immediate representative of her mistress. (Anon., n.d.) Chapter-2 P.D.A Introduction: A personal digital assistant (PDA), conjointly called a palmtop laptop, or personal information assistant, could be a mobile device that functions as a private data manager. PDAs area unit for the most part thought-about obsolete with the widespread adoption of smartphones. Nearly all current PDAs have the power to attach to the web. A personal organizer has Associate in Nursing electronic visual show, sanctioning it to incorporate an internet browser, all current models even have audio capabilities sanctioning use as a transportable media player, and conjointly sanctioning most of them to be used as mobile phones. Most PDAs will access the web, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide space Networks. Most PDAs use touchscreen technology. the primary personal organizer was discharged in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer II. Followed by Psions Series three, in 1991, that began to gibe the a lot of acquainted personal organizer vogue. It conjointly had a full keyboard . The term personal organizer was initial used on Gregorian calendar month seven, 1992 by Apple laptop chief operating officer John Sculley at the patron physical science Show in metropolis, Nevada, concerning the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the primary personal organizer with full movable practicality, the IBM Simon, which might even be thought-about the primary smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a personal organizer with full movable practicality, the 9000 soul, that became the worlds popular personal organizer. The soul spawned a brand new class of PDAs: the PDA phone, currently known as smartphone. Another early entrant during this market was Palm, with a line of personal organizer product that began in March 1996. (Anon., n.d.) Features of P.D.A: A typical electronic device includes a touchscreen for coming into knowledge, a memory card slot for knowledge storage, and IrDA, Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi. However, some PDAs might not have barely screen, mistreatment softkeys, a directional pad, and a numeric data input device or a thumb keyboard for input; this can be usually seen on telephones that square measure incidentally PDAs.In order to own the functions expected of a electronic device, a devices code usually includes a meeting calendar, a disruption list, Associate in Nursing address book for contacts, a calculator, and a few type of memoranda (or note) program. PDAs with wireless knowledge connections conjointly usually embrace Associate in Nursing email consumer and an online browser. (Anon., n.d.) P.D.A’s use in housekeeping: A personal digital assistant be use for alter sounds, buttons, tools and far additional. Use your personal digital assistant to suit your personal or business style. Store personal and business contacts. Record contact data into the address book, wherever its safely keep and simply accessible. Use cellular functions for causation and receiving calls or messages if your personal digital assistant may be a phone and organizer to Manage tasks. produce a To-do list thats displayed on your home page. Organize calendar for events, appointments or forthcoming tasks. Set a reminder alarm to present you a notice before forthcoming item.Calculate figures with the personal digital assistant calculator.Search the online. bestride the net to look pages or transfer information. Send or receive emails or text messages from cellular suppliers or instant courier services. Download and play music or videos. Take photos or record video. Type in Word to jot notes or w rite a document. Use surpass to create and write spreadsheets. Connect between your personal digital assistant and laptop or laptop computer to transfer information, save documents or synchronize all information. Chapter-3 Radio Frequency Identification Device. Uses of rfid in housekeeping: Hotels square measure still holding on to money-saving habits developed over the past few years, perpetually on the lookout for tactics to trim their budget whereas remaining effective. thats why the employment of radio-frequency identification microchips in edifice uniforms and linens square measure starting up as a money-saving investmentThe chips square measure designed to trace the movement of uniforms or linens to and from laundry areas so as to chop down on excess washes, continuation the lifetime of most materials. â€Å"The chips themselves outlive the clothes,† aforesaid William Beatty, linen manager for the Revel urban center. â€Å"One of the most important edges these chips offer USA is that it keeps our request straight. The previous system of exploitation bar codes and manually investigation linens is out.† (Anon., n.d.) Chapter-4 MICROFIBER Introduction:Microfiber or microfiber is fiber finer than one or one’s denier or decitex/thread. this is often 1/100th the diameter of a personalitys hair and 1/20th the diameter of a strand of silk. the foremost common varieties of microfibers are made of polyesters, polyamides (e.g., nylon, Kevlar, Nomex, trogamide), or a conjugation of polyester, polyamide, and polypropene (Prolen). Microfiber is employed to form mats, knits, and weaves for attire, upholstery, industrial filters, and cleansing product. The shape, size, and combos of artificial fibers ar chosen for specific characteristics, together with softness, toughness, absorption, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities. (Anon., n.d.) How microfibers help in cleaning: In cleansing product, microfiber are often 100 percent polyester, or a mix of polyester and polymeric amide (nylon). It are often each a woven product or a non woven product, the latter most frequently employed in restricted use or disposable cloths. In a number of the highest-quality materials for several cleansing applications, the fiber is split throughout the producing method to provide areas in every fiber. If one were to appear at a cross section of the many split microfiber material below extreme magnification, itd appear as if AN asterisk. it is the split fiber, and also the size of the individual filaments operating in conjunction with the areas between them that will the work. They develop and hold the mud and dirt, and absorb liquid.Unlike cotton, microfiber leaves no lint, the exception being some small suede blends, wherever the surface is automatically processed to provide a soft plush feel. (Anon., n.d.) Environmental and safety: Microfiber textiles tend to be ignitible if factory-made from hydrocarbons (polyester) or carbohydrates (cellulose) and emit deadly gases once burning, a lot of thus if aromatic (PET, PS, ABS) or treated with halogenated flame retarders and aromatic dyes.Their polyester and nylon stock square measure made up of petrochemicals, that dont seem to be a natural resource and dont seem to be perishable. However, if created out of plastic, theyre 100% reusable (Prolen).For most cleanup applications theyre designed for continual use instead of being discarded once use. (An exception is that the precise cleanup of optical parts wherever a wet material is drawn once across the thing and should not be used once more because the detritus collected and currently embedded within the material could scratch the optical surface.) In several house cleanup applications (washing floors, furniture, etc.) microfiber cleanup materials is used while not detergents or cleanup soluti ons which might preferably be required.There square measure environmental issues concerning this product coming into the oceanic organic phenomenon. However, no pesticides square measure used for manufacturing artificial fibres (in comparison to cotton). If these merchandise square measure manufactured from plastic yarn, the yarn is dope-dyed; i.e. no water is employed for colouring (as with cotton, wherever thousands of litres of water become contaminated) (Anon., n.d.) Chapter-5 Light and Climate Control Introduction: The system is integrated to the hotel’s management system permitting employees to examine the period standing of an area from occupancy to guest wants and requests. this permits employees to execute their tasks additional with efficiency.Within the space, a guest will show employees if the space must be created, if theres cleanup to be picked up, trigger associate alarm for emergencies or prefer ‘do not disturb’.Staff will monitor and management HVAC supported occupancy to scale back energy prices, attend to guest requests instantly for improved service, quick cool rooms for comfort once the guest checks in and monitor guest departure for cleanup service.In sensible terms, this suggests work doesn’t disturb guests and HVAC and lighting area unit neer wasting energy in unoccupied rooms.This clever system will mechanically switch all lighting, flip the climate system to a additional economic level and shut the blinds as before long because the g uest checks out. About light and climate control device: An possibility for mounting a multifunction electrical device outside the guest space is out there. this could be wont to notify edifice workers the space standing, as an example, â€Å"make up room†, â€Å"do not disturb† or â€Å"laundry pick-up required†. The multifunction electrical device may be used as a door bell. This door bell may be disabled if the guest has appointed the â€Å"do not disturb† operate of the system.Once within, the guest enters the space card key into the management systems card holder and this could then trigger multiple functions like open blinds, change thermostat to previous set level and switch on lighting. With the system able to perform multiple functions mechanically, the guest doesnt got to actively act with the system, because the system is interacting with them. This automation adds to guest comfort as they don’t got to operate multiple panels, setting the space to their f eeling.When the guest leaves the space taking the cardboard key with them, the space can mechanically perform a pack up sequence when a delay. at intervals the pack up sequence, the thermostat are set to a cost-effective mode, all lighting are changed, selected power points may be disabled, thus removing electronic devices on stand-by power and therefore the blinds may be closed insulating the space from potential activity.If the sleeping room incorporates a balcony door or window, the system may be set in order that if the guest opens either of those, then the air con system can mechanically switch or amendment to a desired mode. This energy saving feature will contribute to considerably reducing the price of running air con services unnecessarily. Motion detection at intervals the lavatory may be a helpful feature and prevents guests sorting out management panels within the dark. The operation of the detector may be obsessed on the time, permitting totally different functionalists between night and day. as an example, if occupancy is detected within the lavatory for the primary time throughout the night, the lighting can slowly work up to a coffee level, permitting guests to regulate. when no occupancy has been detected, the lighting can mechanically close up therein space. Chapter- 6 Mirror television Introduction: A Mirror TV or TV Mirror may be a tv device thats convertible to a mirror. Mirror TVs area unit typically used to avoid wasting area or conceal physical science in living areas like bedrooms and living rooms.Mirror TVs are often integrated into interior styles, together with sensible Homes and residential automation integration.The device consists of specially built mirror glass with AN digital display TV behind the reflected surface. The mirror is fastidiously polarized to permit a picture to transfer through the mirror,specified once the TV is off, the device seems like a mirror. Models embody High-Definition practicality, common with the digital display technology utilized in the screens. Some makers supply high-end input and output choices for entire-home A/V integration. (Anon., n.d.) (Anon., n.d.) The Mirror Barcelona: the mirror Barcelona is a hotel in Barcelona which is completely made up of mirrors which are televisions. It has 63 rooms and every room has Smart design rooms. TV LED (ultra-thin) 40 in room. TV LED (ultra-thin) 22 in W.C.Hairdryer Bed of 1.80 m Treca de Paris House Lighting scenes generation Room with alarm intrusion proximity card access control system Soundproofing of high quality Doors with automatic shelf system Automatic Do not disturb Independent efficient air-conditioning Free cable and wireless internet (50 Mb symmetric) (Anon., n.d.) Conclusion Hospitality may be a never ending business. It provides a wide scope of different opportunity in different fields. And the new upcoming trends are helping this industry develop and flourish. Cleanliness is just a part of housekeeping. The main objective of housekeeping is maintaining order and the new trends are helping the housekeeping department work efficiently and smoothly.

Lord of the Flies :: science

Lord of the Flies Through my reading of Lord of the Flies, I have concluded that the subject of the novel is adulthood. The focus of this novel is on peoples desire for a more civilized and structured society. In this novel, adulthood does not represent a state of existence, but life that seems to exist as rational and structured. At the beginning of the novel after the reader is introduced to Piggy and Ralph, they discover the beautiful conch, resting in the weeds of the shoreline. Piggy says, â€Å"We can use it to call the others. Have a meeting. They’ll come when they hear us. (p.12)†, gleaming with pride. This quote illustrates the adult imbedded in him, drawn from the influence of society. Living under the influence of leadership and politics, the suggestion of holding a meeting was instinctive and automatic. Piggy drew upon his lifelong experiences gained from his parents and other adult influences and applied it to a situation. Piggy decided that the situation lacked the order and structure that he was accustomed to. After the boys gathered into a mock assembly by the sounding of the conch, one yelled â€Å"A chief! A chief! (p.18)† in desperation for leadership in the midst of an awfully boisterous crowd. â€Å"Lets have a vote, (p.18)† yelled another. The boys were not accustomed to a society that was ungoverned as it was in the adult word. They wanted to recreate that structure to maintain that sense of order in the group of boys. Ralph won the vote for chief in account of his image. The boys’ saw that â€Å"there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out (p.19)† and they sensed a certain hint of adulthood in his manner that they relied on at home. Under the constant leadership of adults, a child grows acquainted to their temperament and the boys saw this in Ralph. â€Å"With a convulsion of the mind, Ralph discovered dirt and decay. (p.82)† At home, the boys were raised with and became habituated to proper European mannerisms and dress passed down to them from parent and other adult mentors. To act upon these mannerisms and proper dress became second nature when around adults, though on the island, they had lost that adult influence. Suddenly, â€Å"Ralph was struck with this new mood of comprehension (p.82)† that he had lost that visible image of being proper that he had been raised with for so long.

The Life of Charles Babbage :: Free Essay Writer

The Life of Charles Babbage Charles Babbage 1791-1871 Born December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire UK, Charles Babbage was known as the â€Å"Father of Computing† for his contributions to the basic design of the computer through his Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine was the earliest expression of an all-purpose, programmable computer. His previous Difference Engine was a special purpose device intended for the production of tables. Both the Difference and Analytical Engines were the earliest direct progenitors of modern computers. Even as a little boy, he always tinkered with little mechanical things. He loved to take apart and dissect things. Eventually, Babbage was put in the care of a church school near Exeter, where the minister was told by his family to make sure that he was healthy, rather than well educated. Because of this concern, the minister didn't give Babbage enough work to keep him interested and occupied. Superstitious, despite a thorough Protestant upbringing, he developed an obsession with the Devil. He asked his classmates to tell him every folk tales they knew about what forms the Devil appeared in. In 1812, he began his formal education at Trinity College and the University of Cambridge where he discovered his ability and interest in mathematics history. During that same year, he helped found the Analytical Society, whose object was to introduce developments from the European continent into English mathematics. He graduated from Peterhouse in 1814. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1816 and was active in the founding of the Royal Astronomical and the Statistical societies. He received his Masters in 1817 and began working as a mathematician, concentrating in calculating functions. It was his work with these complex calculations that led him to his most significant inventions: The Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. By previous standards, these engines were monumental in conception, size, and complexity. In 1821, Babbage began the task of mechanizing the production of tables. In 1822, he proposed to build a machine called the Difference Engine to automatically calculate mathematical tables. The idea was to invent a calculating machine that could not only calculate without error but also automatically print the results. Difference engines were designed to calculate using the method of finite differences, a well-used principle of the time. It was only partially completed when he conceived the idea of a more sophisticated machine called the Analytical Engine.

Adversarial System vs. Civil Law Essay

The European civil law system is all about finding the truth, even if a lawyer has to lose the case for their client while doing so. The American adversarial system is about winning, even if it means avoiding and stretching the truth to do so. Civil law has the laws made by the government and the courts apply them, while common law has the judges making the majority of the laws through precedents. The adversarial system uses specific laws, precedents, and legal rules to determine who wins. It allows lawyers to take the truth and spin it into the picture that is the most beneficial to their client. They can use loopholes in the law to keep evidence from being allowed to cause their guilty clients to be punished for what they have done. Once all the talking is done, it is up to twelve people to decide whose lawyer did a better job of convincing them to believe them. See more: Beowulf essay essay The civil system uses general ideas and broad concepts to form the framework for taking the evidence at hand and attempting to determine what the truth is. When the truth is revealed, lawyers do not try to hide it or escape from it, even if they do not like the results. A major disadvantage of this system is that those twelve people from the common law system are only used in major criminal cases, so when the truth is unclear, only a couple people get to determine who is right, and three people can be wrong easier than twelve people in 100% agreement. In my opinion from what I have learned, I believe that the civil law system has an advantage in finding the ideal of the judicial system – justice. In the adversarial system, the truth can be avoided, and once it is, there can be no justice. As to the question of whether there are constitutional problems with applying civil laws in the US, the most obvious one is that a jury trial is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights to protect a defendant from being condemned by the voice of one person.

Learning disabilities and special education

The Article on Learning Disability provided by Psychology Today details the various dimensions of learning disability which thrusts on the following: its definition, symptoms, causes, and treatment. To start off, learning disability refers to the child’s difficulty of translating to their brain what their visual and auditory senses produce. The symptoms of this disorder are categorized into the following: â€Å"language disorders, developmental speech disorders, academic abilities disorders†, and the other category which includes certain coordination disorders and learning handicaps not covered by the previous terms. There is no single concrete explanation to why this disorder has developed but several theories accounted several factors such as errors in fetal brain development, genetic, use of alcohol and drugs, problems during pregnancy, and toxins in the child’s environment. All of these factors contribute to one’s understanding of the existence of such kind of disorder. Several steps have been taken to minimize the adverse effects of this learning disorder such as medication and therapy (MedicineNet Inc, 2002). From a psychological standpoint, I appreciate the various theoretical offerings on the causes of learning disorder of this article. However, I believe that one of the important dichotomies in psychology was underrated by this work, i.e. the genetic vs. environment consideration. Although genetic factors complemented by the cellular basis of learning were considered, the social environment of the child definitely plays a role here as well. This article should have explored on this aspect too. Psychological studies, indeed, have shown that both genes and environment are major determinants of many major human processes (Smith et al., 2003). In addition, the socialization process goes with it too. Although this article is mainly about learning disabilities, the inclusion of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, though spurious for this matter, is a beneficial one. It was able to present how learning disability becomes an inevitable consequence of the presence of ADHD. Further, it goes to show several remedial processes that one may undergo to defeat the effects of ADHD and learning disorder – such as medication, therapy, and educational options. The social impact of learning disorder was also mentioned in this article, which is a valuable aspect to look on. Children who suffer from this disorder also suffer from frustration and low self-esteem. Indeed, this is serious matter. The good thing is that several laws have been passed in relation to this problem. First, children with this disorder are guaranteed of free public education which is intended to respond to their specific needs (MedicineNet Inc, 2002). This is supported by a particular stipulation under section 200.2 of Part 2 Regulations of NYS school codes which specifies that an arrangement of special education programs and services for a preschool student with a disability shall be made. This is a very important undertaking in relation to the development of children with learning disorder (New York State Education Website, 2005). This regulation acknowledges the differences of children’s learning development and gives special focus and treatment on children with deficiency on this. How valuable is this if you would ask me? Very much as it goes to show that the state moves toward the enrichment of every member of the society and further, this move minimizes the inequality set forth by this kind of disorder. This claim can is substantiated by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which ensures equal job opportunity among people with learning disorder. This also orders employers to make reasonable accommodations to workers with this disorder (MedicineNet Inc, 2002). The importance of parental and academic factors in the detection of learning disorder, which was highlighted in the article, can also be seen on the Individual evaluation and reevaluation stipulation under 200.4 which states that developmental and educational information of the student must be gathered plus a physical examination, observation of the student in the educational placement, and a social history are all required (New York State Education Website, 2005). The need for social history underscores the importance of the child’s social environment as a determinant of LD, which is concurrent with the previous point that I have raised. Second, the importance of parental role was accounted for in this stipulation. The information gathered from the parent is required in the evaluation of students with learning disability. In conclusion, learning disability is as crucial as how we perceive it to be. It affects an individual’s normal functioning; and worse, it affects the attainment of one’s fullest potential. But on a lighter note, several measures have been formulated. Thus, the partnership of parents, teachers, and the state is an important element in assisting children with learning disorder. Further, this partnership has the capacity to help these children in attaining their precious little dreams. REFERENCES New York State Education Website (2005). Regulation of the Commissioner of EducationPart 200- Students   with Disabilities. Retrieved October 27, 2006 from Smith, E.E. et al. (2003). Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology 14th edition. Australia: Thomson & Wadsworth.